microcarrier-based angiogenesis assay |
microcytes |
Galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase 1 |
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Microcystin-LR belongs to a group of related cyclic heptapeptide (microcystins) produced by a variety of cyanobacterial genera. The peptide rings of microcysteins contain 5 non-protein amino acids. The two protein amino acids distinguish microcystins from one another (formula see: okadaic acid). Microcystin-LR contains the amino acids Leucine and Arginine.
Microcystins are taken up rapidly by hepatocytes through carrier-mediated transport and are potent hepatotoxins (Bishoff, 2001; Dawson, 1998). Like okadaic acid, microcystins are strong inhibitors of protein phosphatases and thus influence regulation of cellular protein phosphorylation (Gehringer, 2004).
Chen et al (2005) have reported that microcystin-LR has immunomodulatory effects and decreases expression of IL1-beta, TNF-alpha
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