programmed cell death-12 |
programmed death-1 |
CDw329 |
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abbr. PrCR. The terms programmed cell removal or programmed cell clearance (for overview see: Chao et al, 2011; Fadeel et al, 2010; Klöditz et al, 2017) refer to the elimination, under physiological and pathophysiological conditions, of damaged, dysfunctional, aged, harmful cells or also unwanted cells within an organism that are usually viable cells. Therefore, these terms are more general than, for example, the term efferocytosis, which refers to the removal of dead cells. Programmed removal/clearance can occur under a variety of circumstances, for example during inflammation, hematopoiesis, tissue turnover, and cancer immunosurveillance, and is not necessarily tied to cell death by
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