Exhausted B-cells |
exhausted-like ILC2s |
IL22 binding protein |
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[exhausted cell]
this term refers to the limited effector functions observed in various types of immune cells such as T-cells (for overview see: Kurachi, 2019; Chu and Zehn, 2020), B-cells (for overview see: Holla et al, 2019), NK-cells (for overview see: Judge et al, 2020) and innate lymphoid type 2 cells (see: innate lymphoid cells). Such functionally impaired cells have been shown to accumulate in many chronic infections and cancers (for overview see: Kahan and Zajac, 2019; Philip and Schietinger, 2019), i.e., after persistent antigen exposure causing continuous receptor activation and prolonged exposure to secreted inflammatory cytokines (see, for example, Sabzevary-Ghahfarokhi et al, 2018). These dysfunctional
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