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Schwann cells

Schwann cells are specialized glial cells of the peripheral nervous system (Lobsiger et al, 2002). An older term for Schwann cells still in use is lemmocytes. Schwann cells develop from neural crest cells in several discrete developmental steps. A number of specific transcription factors are associated with these transitions. For example, Krox-24 expression is restricted to Schwann cell precursors, whereas Krox-20 expression is observed in mature Schwann cells. At birth, Krox-24 is reactivated and the two genes are coexpressed. In the adult, Krox-20 is expressed in myelinating cells, while Krox-24 is restricted to nonmyelinating cells (Topilko et al, 1997).

Embryonic Schwann cells can develop into two morphologically and antigenically distinct mature Schwann cell types depending upon membrane-bound or secreted factors expressed by the axons that are contacted. Myelin-forming cells are associated with axons of larger diameter. Non-myelin-forming cells are associated with axons of smaller diameter.

Schwann cells have a broad repertoire of functions, including ensheathment and myelination of nerve cells, extracellular matrix production, provision of trophic factors as developmental signals in embryonic and neonatal nerves, the restoration of electrophysiological conduction (Mirsky and Jessen, 1999; Mirsky et al, 2002; Jessen and Mirsky, 1999; Taylor and Bampton, 2004). Schwann cells also have the capacity to remyelinate central nervous system axons and to promote both peripheral and central nervous system regeneration. Schwann cells and their precursors are an important source of developmental signals in embryonic and neonatal nerves. These signals regulate the survival and differentiation of other cell types in early nerves, affecting, among other things, the specialization of axons and the maturation of the perineurial sheath that protects nerves from inflammation and other harmful influences. Schwann cells also survive in the absence of axons through the production of autocrine survival factors, including IGF-1, PDGF-BB, and neurotrophin-3 (Meier et al, 1999; Jessen and Mirsky, 1999).

Schworer et al (2003) have performed a microarray analysis of gene expression in proliferating Schwann cells and identified at least 1000 genes the expression of which changes after treatment with heregulin and/or forskolin. Cameron et al (2003) have studied differential gene expression in the rat aftzer injury of dorsal root ganglion neurons in vivo and have identified a set of reciprocally regulated gene modules in regenerating dorsal root ganglion neurons and activated Schwann cells.

Schwann cells have been shown to possess the capacity to express the proteins listed below. Please note the following general observation: expression may be influenced by tissue localization, may occur only in discrete subpopulations of cells, may vary between established cell lines, primary cells, embryonic cells, mature cells, fully differentiated cells, activated cells, non-activated cells or growth conditions (confluent vs. sparse cultures), may be influenced by various disease states (including cancer environment), and may differ between species.
Note also: expression profile information lists entities only for which there is an entry in COPE or one of its subdictionaries.

The meaning of • and •• is as follows: • factor/protein is expressed; •• receptor (or, in some instances, binding sites) for this factor/protein is expressed. For further explanations concerning format, "hidden" information, and/or ambiguities see my remarks in the entry cell types.

• ADAM15 (disintegrin and metalloprotease domain 15, Metargidin, MDC-15, metalloproteinase-like disintegrin-like cysteine-rich protein-15, CRII-7) (Bosse et al, 2000)
• ADAMTS5 (Disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif-5, aggrecanase-2, implantin) (McCulloch et al, 2009)
•• Adrenomedullin (ADM, AM) receptors (Dumont et al, 2002)
• aFGF (acidic fibroblast growth factor, FGF-1, Fibroblast growth factor-1, FGF-alpha, Fibroblast growth factor-alpha, HBGF-1, heparin binding growth factor-1, Endothelial cell growth factor-alpha) (Hossain and Morest, 2000)
•• aFGF (acidic fibroblast growth factor, FGF-1, Fibroblast growth factor-1, FGF-alpha, Fibroblast growth factor-alpha, HBGF-1, heparin binding growth factor-1, Endothelial cell growth factor-alpha) receptors (Gavrilovic et al, 1995; Neuberger et al, 1997)
•• alpha-MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone-alpha, alpha-melanotropin, alpha-melanocortin, melanotropin, POMC, proopiomelanocortin) receptors (Teare et al, 2004)
•• angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1, ANGPT1) receptors (TIE-2, TEK, tunica endothelial kinase, tunica interna endothelial cell kinase, CD202, CD202B) (Poncet et al, 2003)
•• angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2, ANGPT2) receptors (TIE-2, TEK, tunica endothelial kinase, tunica interna endothelial cell kinase, CD202, CD202B) (Poncet et al, 2003)
•• Angiopoietin-3 (Ang-3, ANGPT3, ANGPTL1, Angiopoietin-like-1) receptors (TIE-2, TEK, tunica endothelial kinase, tunica interna endothelial cell kinase, CD202, CD202B) (Poncet et al, 2003)
•• angiotensin-2 receptors (Bleuel et al, 1995)
• Artemin (ART, ARTN, Neublastin, Enovin) (Ceyhan et al, 2007)
•• Artemin (ART, ARTN, Neublastin, Enovin) receptors (Ceyhan et al, 2007)

• BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor) (Boyd and Gordon, 2003; Pagnotta et al, 2002; Hansen et al, 2001; Chan et al, 2001; Alderson et al, 2000; Marcinkiewicz et al, 1998; Verderio et al, 2006; Zhang et al, 2009; Yuan et al, 2009; Huang et al, 2009)
• bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor, FGF-2, Fibroblast growth factor-2, FGF-beta, Fibroblast growth factor-beta, HBGF-2, heparin binding growth factor-2) (Claus et al, 2002; Grothe et al, 2001; Kayton and Aktas, 2000; Hossain and Morest, 2000; Shimada et al, 1997; Shaw et al, 1997; Liu et al, 1995)
•• bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor, FGF-2, Fibroblast growth factor-2, FGF-beta, Fibroblast growth factor-beta, HBGF-2, heparin binding growth factor-2) receptors (Bartolami et al, 2003; Rosenbaum et al, 1997; Müller-Ostermeyer et al, 2001; Hansen et al, 2001; Grothe et al, 2001; Neuberger et al, 1997; Gavrilovic et al, 1995; Watabe et al, 1994)
• BMP2 (bone morphogenetic protein-2, bone morphogenetic protein-2A, BMP2A, BMP2-alpha) (Kinameri and Matsuoka, 2002)
• BMP6 (DVR-6, decapentaplegic-Vg-related-6, Vgr-1, vegetal-specific-related-1) (Schluesener et al, 1995)
•• bradykinin (BK, BDK, BKN, Bradykinin(1-9), BK[1-9], Alpha-2-thiol proteinase inhibitor, Fitzgerald factor, Flaujeac factor, HMWK, HMWKa, High molecular weight kininogen, HMWK-kallikrein factor, KNG, KNG1, Kininogen, Kininogen-1, LMWK, Low molecular weight kininogen, Williams factor, Williams-Fitzgerald-Flaujeac factor) receptors (Parpura et al, 1995)

•• Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CALC1, CALCA, Calcitonin gene-related polypeptide-alpha, alpha-CGRP, CGRP-alpha, beta-CGRP, CGRP-beta) receptors (Cheng et al, 1995; Bleuel et al, 1995)
• caveolin-1 (CAV1, caveolae protein 1, Caveolin, CAV, caveolae protein 22 kDa, Alpha-Caveolin, beta-Caveolin, VIP21, Vesicular Integral-membrane Protein of 21 kDa, VIP21/caveolin) (Tan et al, 2003; Mikol et al, 2002)
• CCL2 (CC chemokine ligand 2, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, GDCF, Glioma-derived monocyte chemotactic factor-2, GDCF-2, HC11, JE, LDCF, MCAF, MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein, MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, SMC-CF, smooth muscle cell chemotactic factor, TDCF, tumor-derived chemotactic factors, TSG-8, tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene sequence-8, SCYA2) (Orlikowski et al, 2003; Tofaris et al, 2002; Subang and Richardson, 2001; Rutkowski et al, 1999)
•• CCL3 (CC chemokine ligand 3, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3, MIP-1-alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein-1-alpha, 464.1, GOS-19-1, L2G25B, LD78, LD78-alpha, SCI, stem cell inhibition factor, stem cell inhibitor, TY5, SCYA3, SCYA3L1) receptors (Khan and Wigley, 1994)
• CCL5 (CC chemokine ligand 5, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5, RANTES, EoCP-1, Eosinophil chemotactic polypeptide-1, SIS-delta, TCP228, T-cell-specific protein p228, SCYA5) (Kury et al, 2003; Keswani et al, 2003; Bolin et al, 1998)
• CD1b (Van Rhijn I et al, 2000)
• CD9 (602-29 antigen, ALB6 antigen, BA2, BTCC-1, DRAP-27, Diphtheria toxin receptor associated protein 27 kDa, GIG2, MIC3, MRP-1, Motility-related protein-1, NCA, neural cell surface antigen, p24, SH-9, TSPAN29, tetraspanin 29) (Banerjee and Patterson, 1995; Kaprielian et al, 1995)
• CD10 (CALLA, common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen; common ALL antigen, endopeptidase 24.11, enkephalinase, gp100, J5, MME, membrane metalloendopeptidase, NEP, neutral endopeptidase, EC3.4.24.11, neprilysin, neutral endopeptidase, neutral endopeptidase 24.11) (Kioussi et al, 1992)
• CD44 (CD44H, AnWj blood group antigen, ECMR-3, extracellular matrix receptor-3, HCAM, homing-associated cell adhesion molecule, Hermes-1, Hermes antigen, HUTCH-1, Indian blood group antigen, In blood group antigen, Ly24, MC56, MDU2, MDU3, MIC4, MUC 2-63, OX49, PGP1, PGP1.1, phagocytic glycoprotein-1) (Sherman et al, 1997; Gorlewicz et al, 2009)
• CD54 (7F7, BB2, human rhinovirus receptor, ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, IFN-gamma regulated human melanoma-associated antigen, Ly47, MALA-2, Me14-D12, P3.58) (Lisak and Bealmear, 1997; Constantin et al, 1999; Lilje and Armati, 1997; Favrot et al, 1991; Shen et al, 2008)
• CD56 (5.1.H11, BASCA, brain-associated small cell lung cancer antigen, Leu19, MSK39, NCAM, neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM1, neural cell adhesion molecule-1, NKH-1, PSA-NCAM, polysialylated NCAM, E-NCAM, embryonic NCAM, embryonic neural cell adhesion molecule) (Paratcha et al, 2003; Awatramani et al, 2002; Roche et al, 1997; Stewart et al, 1995; Seilheimer et al, 1989)
• CD58 (LFA-3, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3, T11TS, T11 target structure) (Favrot et al, 1991; Van Rhijn I et al, 2000)
• CD59 (protectin, MIC11, MIN1, MIN2, MIN3, MSK21, HRF20, homologous restriction factor-20 kDa, MACIF, membrane attack complex inhibitory factor, MAC-IP, MAC-inhibitory protein, H19, MIRL, membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis, P18, 1F5, 16.3A5, BRIC 229, YTH 53.1) (Sawant-Mane et al, 1996)
• CD62L (gp90-MEL, LAM-1, leukocyte adhesion molecule 1, LECAM-1, leukocyte adhesion molecule 1, Leu8, LSEL, L-selectin, selectin-L, SELL, LYAM1, MEL-14, OX85, PLNHR, TQ-1) (Constantin et al, 1999)
• CD68 (EBM11, gp110, Ki-M6, Ki-M7, KP-1, macrosialin, microsialin, PG-M1, PM-1k, SCARD1, scavenger receptor class D member 1, Y1/82A, Y2/131) (Kaiserling et al, 1993)
• CD71 (transferrin receptor, TFR, TFR1, TRFR, TFRC, OKT9, T9, OX26) (Salis et al, 2002; Hirata et al, 2000)
• CD74 (HLA-DR-gamma, HLADG, HLA class 2 histocompatibility antigen gamma chain, HLA-DR associated invariant chain, Ia-gamma, LN2, MHC class 2 invariant chain) (Van Rhijn I et al, 2000)
• CD91 (A2MR, Alpha-2-Macroglobulin receptor, APOER, apolipoprotein E receptor, APR [apolipoprotein receptor, CED1, LRP, Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein, LRP1, lipoprotein receptor-related protein) (Mantuano et al, 2008)
• CD106 (alpha-4-beta-1 ligand, INCAM-110, inducible cellular adhesion molecule 110 kDa, VCAM-1, vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1) (Constantin et al, 1999)
• CD148 (143-41 antigen, DEP-1, high cell density-enhanced PTP-1, Density enhanced phosphatase-1, EC3.1.3.48, HPTP-eta, human protein tyrosine phosphatase-eta, protein tyrosine phosphatase-eta, p260, PTPRJ, Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type J, SCC1, susceptibility to colon cancer 1, protein tyrosine phosphatase-eta) (Autschbach et al, 1999)
• CD151 (PETA-3, platelet-endothelial cell tetraspan antigen 3, SFA-1, SF-HT activated gene 1, TSPAN24, tetraspanin 24, RAPH, Raph blood group) (Sincock et al, 1997)
• CD166 (2117 antigen, ALCAM, Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule, BEN, CD6L-100, DM-GRASP, F84.1 antigen, HCA, Hematopoietic cell antigen, JC7, KG-CAM, MEMD, melanoma metastasizing clone D, metastasizing melanoma protein D, MuSC, Neurolin, SC-1) (Pourquie et al, 1990)
• CD171 (8D9, CAML1, cellular adhesion molecule L1, G4, HSAS, HSAS1, L1, L1CAM, L1 cell adhesion molecule, MASA, MIC5, NCAM L1, neural cell adhesion molecule like-1, NgCAM, neuron-glia cell adhesion molecule, NILE, nerve growth factor-inducible large external, NGF-inducible large external, S10, SPG1, spastic paraplegia 1) (Awatramani et al, 2002; Stewart et al, 1995; Seilheimer et al, 1989; Takeda et al, 1996)
• CD206 (CLEC13D, C-type lectin domain family 13 member D, MMR, macrophage mannose receptor, MRC1, mannose receptor C type-1) (Baetas-da-Cruz W et al, 2009)
• ceruloplasmin (Cp, ferroxidase, Fe(II) - oxygen oxidoreductase, iron (II) - oxygen oxidoreductase, EC1.16.3.1, Ran-2 antigen, rat neural antigen-2, PACAP 1-38-binding factor, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide1-38-binding factor) (Salzer et al, 1998)
• CNTF (Ciliary neuronotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, MANS, membrane-associated neurotransmitter stimulating factor) (Zheng et al, 1999; Johann et al, 2003; Abe et al, 2001; Bajetto et al, 2000; Zochodne and Cheng, 2000; Sendtner et al, 1997; Lee et al, 1995; Ito et al, 2006)
•• CNTF (Ciliary neuronotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, MANS, membrane-associated neurotransmitter stimulating factor) receptors (Johann et al, 2003)
• Contactin-2 (CNTN2, TAG1, transient axonal glycoprotein, TAX1, transiently-expressed axonal glycoprotein, Axonin-1, SC2) (Traka et al, 2002)
• contactinhibin (Casella et al, 2000)
• CXCL12 (CXC chemokine ligand 12, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12, IRH, intercrine reduced in hepatomas, hIRH, intercrine reduced in hepatomas, SDF-1-alpha, SDF-1-beta, SDF, SDF-1, Stromal cell-derived factor, Stromal cell-derived factor-1-alpha, Stromal cell-derived factor-1-beta, PBSF, pre-B-cell growth stimulating factor, TLSF, Thymic lymphoma cell stimulating factor, Thymic lymphoma cell stimulating factor-alpha, Thymic lymphoma cell stimulating factor-beta, TLSF-alpha, TLSF-beta, TPAR-1, TPA repressed gene-1, SCYB12) (Gleichmann et al, 2000)
•• CXCL14 (CXC chemokine ligand 14, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 14, BMAC, B-cell and monocyte-activating chemokine, bolekine, BRAK, breast and kidney cell chemokine, KEC, kidney-expressed chemokine, KS1, MIP-2-gamma, macrophage inflammatory protein-2-gamma, NJAC, SCYB14) receptors (Barbaria et al, 2009)
• CXCR4 (CXC-Chemokine receptor 4, LESTR, leukocyte-derived 7-transmembrane domain receptor, HUMSTR, NPYRL, neuropeptide Y receptor-like, NPY3R, neuropeptide Y receptor Y3, HM89, Fusin, LCR-1, FB22, LAP3, Lipopolysaccharide-associated protein 3, SDF-1 receptor, CD184) (Kury et al, 2003; Keswani et al, 2003; Kury et al, 2004)

• Desert hedgehog (Dhh) (Mirsky et al, 2002; Parmantier et al, 1999)

• E-cadherin (epithelial cadherin, Arc-1, cadherin-1, CDH1, CAM 120/80, ECAD, L-CAM, liver cell adhesion molecule, Uvomorulin, CD324) (Crawford et al, 2008)
•• EGF (epidermal growth factor, EGF-URO, HMGF, human milk growth factor, PGF, prostatic growth factor, beta-Urogastrone, URO, URG, Urogastrone, tooth-lid factor) receptors (erb, erbB1, HER1) (Fallon et al, 2004; Chen et al, 2003; Hansen et al, 2001; Goodearl et al, 2001; Vartanian et al, 2000; Rosenbaum et al, 1997; Kopp et al, 1997; Carroll et al, 1997; Chattopadhyay and Shubayev, 2009)
• endothelin receptors (Berti-Mattera et al, 2001; Brennan et al, 2000; Nataf et al, 2000)
• erbB2 (p185erbB2, NGL, neuro/glioblastoma-derived, neu, HER2, human EGF receptor-2, CD340) (Vartanian et al, 1997; Gorlewicz et al, 2009)

• FAS ligand (FASL, FASLG, APT1LG1, apoptosis antigen ligand 1, CD95 ligand, CD95L, APO-1 ligand, APTL, Apoptosis antigen ligand, TNF ligand superfamily member 6, TNFSF6, CD178) (Bonetti et al, 2003)
• FGF-5 (Fibroblast growth factor-5, HBGF-5, heparin binding growth factor-5, SMAG-82, smooth muscle cell activation-induced gene-82) (Scarlato et al, 2001; McGeachie et al, 2001)
• FGF-23 (John et al, 2001)

• Galectin-1 (Gal-1, LGALS1, galactose-specific soluble lectin 1, L-14-I, Lactose-binding lectin 1, S-Lac lectin 1, Galaptin) (McGraw et al, 2005; Sango et al, 2004)
• Galectin-3 (Gal-3, LGALS3, galactose-specific soluble lectin 3, Mac-2, macrophage galactose-specific lectin-2, L-29, CBP-35, carbohydrate binding protein-35, IgE binding factor epsilon, Epsilon BP) (Saada et al, 1996; Reichert et al, 1994)
• GAP43 (growth associated protein 43, B-50, 3D5 antigen, F1, pp46, P57, 7-5, p54(Ca)p, GAP48, neuromodulin) (Grant et al, 1992; Dubovy and Aldskogius, 1996)
• gas-3 (Growth arrest-specific gene-3, peripheral myelin protein-22, PMP22, PAS2) (Snipes et al, 1992; Uyemura, 1993)
•• gas-6 (Growth arrest-specific gene-6, Growth-potentiating factor, GPF, AXLLG, axl receptor tyrosine kinase ligand, AXSF, axl stimulatory factor) receptors (axl) (Li et al, 1996)
• GDNF (Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, B49-derived neurotrophic factor, Astrocyte-derived trophic factor, ATF, ATF-1, Astrocyte-derived trophic factor-1, ATF-2, Astrocyte-derived trophic factor-2) (Boyd and Gordon, 2003; Kinameri and Matsuoka, 2002; Bar et al, 1998; Kami et al, 1999; Ohishi et al , 2009)
•• GDNF (Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, B49-derived neurotrophic factor, Astrocyte-derived trophic factor, ATF, ATF-1, Astrocyte-derived trophic factor-1, ATF-2, Astrocyte-derived trophic factor-2) receptors (ret) (Bartolami et al, 2003; Blesch and Tuszynski, 2003; Paratcha et al, 2003; Mikaels-Edman et al, 2003; Bar et al, 1998; Kami et al, 1999)
• GGF (glial growth factor) receptors (Vartanian et al, 1994)
• GGF-1 receptors (Minghetti et al, 1996)
• GGF-2 receptors (Minghetti et al, 1996)
• GGF-3 receptors (Minghetti et al, 1996)
• gliomedin (GLDN, CRGL2, cancer-related gene liver 2) (Eshed et al, 2007)
•• GM-CSF (Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, BPA, burst promoting activity, CSF-2, colony stimulating factor-2, GM-CSA, Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating activity, MGI-1GM, macrophage-granulocyte inducer, Pluripoietin-alpha) receptors (CD116) (Saada et al, 1996)
• gp130 (IL6ST, IL6 signal transducer, CD130) (Johann et al, 2003)

• heat shock protein GP96 (GP96, stress-inducible tumor rejection antigen GP96, tumor rejection antigen gp96, TRA1, tumor rejection antigen 1, CaBP4, calcium binding protein 4, Endoplasmin, GRP94, glucose-regulated protein 94 kDa, ERp99, TfBP, transferrin binding protein) (Seo et al, 2001; Cho et al, 1997, 1998, 1999; Shin et al (2000)
• Hemopexin (HPX, Hpxn, hx, Beta-1B-glycoprotein, LB, alpha 1-globulin M, 100KF, GIG-3, growth hormone inducible gene-3, GIG-7, growth hormone inducible gene-7, GIG-10, growth hormone inducible gene-10) (Camborieux et al, 1998, 2000)
• HER3 (human EGF receptor-3, erbB3, p180erbB3) (Vartanian et al, 1997; Gorlewicz et al, 2009)
• HER4 (human EGF receptor-4, erbB4, tyro2, tyrosine-protein kinase 2) (Vartanian et al, 1997)
• Heregulin (Fuentealba et al, 2004)
•• HGF (hepatocyte growth factor, HGF/SF, Hepatocyte growth factor-scatter factor, F-TCF, fibroblast tumor cytotoxic factor, HPTA, Hepatopoietin A, SF, scatter factor, TCF, tumor cytotoxic factor) receptors (met) (Rosenbaum et al, 1997; Hashimoto et al, 2001; Krasnoselsky et al, 1994)
• HMG-1 (high mobility group protein-1, HMGB1, high mobility group box-1, amphoterin, DEF, Differentiation enhancing factor, Neurite growth-promoting protein, SBP-1, Sulfoglucuronyl carbohydrate binding protein-1) (Daston and Ratner, 1991)
• hsp27 (hsp27a, hsp27b, hsp27c, heat shock protein 27, HSPB1, heat shock 27 kDa protein 1, estrogen-regulated protein 24K, p29 estrogen receptor-associated protein, estrogen receptor-related protein, GC1, germ cell-dependent phosphoprotein-1) (Hirata et al, 2003)
• hsp70 (heat shock protein 70) (Mistry et al, 1992)
• hsp108 (Cho et al, 1997, 1998, 1999; Shin et al (2000)

•• IFN-gamma (IFNG, interferon-gamma, Gamma-Interferon, gIFN) receptors (CD119, IFNGR1, AVP type 2, antiviral protein type 2, immune interferon receptor) (Teare et al, 2004; Lisak et al, 2001; Constantin et al, 1999)
• IGF receptors (Gavrilovic et al, 1995)
• IGF-1 (Insulin-like growth factor-1, Erythropoietic factor, mechano growth factor, MGF, ILGF1, somatomedin C, NSILA, non-suppressible insulin-like activity, Somatomedin A, Somatomedin C, sulfation factor) (Mirsky et al, 2002; Pierson et al, 2002; Zochodne and Cheng, 2000; Meier et al, 1999; Hammarberg et al, 1998)
•• IGF-1 (Insulin-like growth factor-1, Erythropoietic factor, mechano growth factor, MGF, ILGF1, somatomedin C, NSILA, non-suppressible insulin-like activity, Somatomedin A, Somatomedin C, sulfation factor) receptors (IGF1R, CD221) (Bartolami et al, 2003; Pierson et al, 2002; Mirsky et al, 2002; Cheng et al, 2000; Delaney et al, 1999; Sondell et al, 1997; Chattopadhyay and Shubayev, 2009)
• IGF-2 (Insulin-like growth factor-2, Growth-promoting activity for vascular endothelial cells, T3M-11-derived growth factor, ILGF2, MSA, multiplication stimulating activity, NSILA, non-suppressible insulin-like activity, Somatomedin A, sulfation factor, SGF, skeletal growth factor, HP1-SMP, HP3-SMP, Somatomedin/insulin-like growth factor-like polypeptides) (Hammarberg et al, 1998)
•• IGF-2 (Insulin-like growth factor-2, Growth-promoting activity for vascular endothelial cells, T3M-11-derived growth factor, ILGF2, MSA, multiplication stimulating activity, NSILA, non-suppressible insulin-like activity, Somatomedin A, sulfation factor, SGF, skeletal growth factor, HP1-SMP, HP3-SMP, Somatomedin/insulin-like growth factor-like polypeptides) receptors (IGF2R, CD222, mannose-6-phosphate receptor; MPR, CIM6PR, cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor, MPRI, MPR300) (Sondell et al, 1997)
• IGFBP1 (Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, 34 k IGFBP, AFBP, amniotic fluid binding protein, Alpha-pregnancy-associated endometrial globulin, Binding protein-25, Binding protein-26, Binding protein-28, BP-34, BP-3A, endometrial protein 14, Growth hormone independent binding protein, IGF-BP25, PP12, placental protein 12, pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha-1-globulin) (Ma et al, 1994)
• IGFBP4 (Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4, Colon cancer cell growth inhibitor, HT29-IGFBP, HT29 insulin-like growth factor binding protein) (Hammarberg et al, 1998)
• IGFBP5 (Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5) (Cheng et al, 1999; Hammarberg et al, 1998)
• IL1-alpha (IL1A, interleukin-1-alpha, BAF, B-cell activating factor, BCAF, B-cell activating factor, EP, endogenous pyrogens, LAF, lymphocyte activating factor, LEM, leukocyte endogenous mediator, MCF, mononuclear cell factor, MNCF, mononuclear cell factor, MP, mitogenic protein, TRF-3, T-cell replacing factor-3, Tumor inhibitory factor-2) (Shamash et al, 2002; Skundric et al, 1997; Bergsteinsdottir et al, 1991)
• IL1-beta (IL1B, interleukin-1-beta, Catabolin, H1, Hematopoietin-1, IFN-beta inducing factor, Interleukin-beta, OAF, osteoclast activating factor) (Colomar et al, 2003; Shamash et al, 2002; Putzu et al, 2000; Rutkowski et al, 1999; Skundric et al, 1997)
• IL1ra (IL1 receptor antagonist, IL1RN, IL1 inhibitor, IRAP, IL1 receptor antagonist protein, IL1 inhibitory activity, ILS, IL1F3, IL1 family member 3) (Skundric et al, 1997)
•• IL1 (interleukin-1) receptors (IL1R, IL1RA, IL1R1, IL1 receptor type 1, IL1RB, IL1R2, IL1 receptor type 2, CD121a, CD121b) (Constantin et al, 1999; Skundric et al, 1997; Carlson et al, 1996; Lisak et al, 1994)
• IL4 (Interleukin-4, BCDF-epsilon, B-cell differentiation factor-epsilon, BCDF-gamma, B-cell differentiation factor-gamma, BCGF-gamma, B-cell growth factor-gamma, BCGF-1, B-cell growth factor-1, Binetrakin, BSF-1, B-cell stimulating factor-1, BSF-p1, B-cell stimulating factor p1, EL4-BCGF, EL4 B-cell growth factor, HCGF, Hodgkin's cell growth factor, IgE-EF, IgE enhancing factor, IgG1-enhancing factor, IgG1-induction factor, LMW-BCGF, low molecular weight B-cell growth factor, MaGEF, Mast cell growth enhancing factor, MCGF-2, mast cell growth factor-2, MFF, macrophage fusion factor, Pitrakinra, TCGF-2, T-cell growth factor-2) (Deprez et al, 2001)
• IL6 (interleukin-6, 26 kDa protein, BSF-2, B-cell stimulating factor-2, CDF, CAT development factor, choline acetyltransferase development factor, Cytolytic differentiation factor for T-lymphocytes, FDGI, fibroblast-derived growth inhibitor, HGF, hybridoma growth factor, HPGF, hybridoma/plasmacytoma growth factor, HSF, hepatocyte stimulating factor, HSF-1, hepatocyte stimulating factor-1, ILHP1, Interleukin-hemopoietin-1, MGI-2A, Macrophage-granulocyte inducer-2A, Myeloma GF, myeloma growth factor, NKAF, natural killer cell activating factor, TAF, T-cell activating factor, Thymocyte growth factor, TSF, thymocyte stimulating factor) (Johann et al, 2003; Grothe et al, 2000; Scarpini et al, 1999; Rutkowski et al, 1999; Murwani et al, 1996; Kurek et al, 1996)
•• IL6 (interleukin-6, 26 kDa protein, BSF-2, B-cell stimulating factor-2, CDF, CAT development factor, choline acetyltransferase development factor, Cytolytic differentiation factor for T-lymphocytes, FDGI, fibroblast-derived growth inhibitor, HGF, hybridoma growth factor, HPGF, hybridoma/plasmacytoma growth factor, HSF, hepatocyte stimulating factor, HSF-1, hepatocyte stimulating factor-1, ILHP1, Interleukin-hemopoietin-1, MGI-2A, Macrophage-granulocyte inducer-2A, Myeloma GF, myeloma growth factor, NKAF, natural killer cell activating factor, TAF, T-cell activating factor, Thymocyte growth factor, TSF, thymocyte stimulating factor) receptors (CD126) (Tofaris et al, 2002; Grothe et al, 2000; Lee et al, 2009)
• IL8 (interleukin-8, SCYB8, 3-10C, 9E3, ANAP, anionic neutrophil-activating peptide, Chemotaxin, CEF-4, CT/IL8, CXCL8, CXC chemokine ligand 8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8, EDNAP, endothelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, EMF-1, embryo fibroblast protein 1, Emoctakin, ENAP, Endothelial cell neutrophil-activating peptide, FDNAP, Fibroblast-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, FINAP, fibroblast-derived neutrophil-activating protein, GCF, granulocyte chemotactic factor, GCP, granulocyte chemotactic peptide, LAI, leukocyte adhesion inhibitor, LCF, lymphocyte chemotactic factors, LDNAP, leukocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, LIF, leukocyte inhibitory factor, LUCT, lung carcinoma-derived chemotaxin, LYNAP, lymphocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, MDNAP, monocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, MDNCF, monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor, MOC, monocyte-derived chemotaxin, MONAP, monocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, NAF, neutrophil-activating factor, NAP-1, neutrophil-activating protein-1, NCF, neutrophil chemotactic factor, NCP, neutrophil chemotactic protein, PLF, psoriatic leukotactic factor, TCF, T-cell chemotactic factor, TSG-1, Tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene sequence-1) (Rutkowski et al, 1999)
• IL10 (interleukin-10, B-TCGF, B-cell derived T-cell growth factor, CSIF, cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor, TGIF, T-cell growth inhibitory factor) (Jander et al, 1996)
• IL12 (IL12A, IL12-alpha IL12B, IL12-beta, IL12-p35, IL12-p40, IL12-p70, Interleukin-12, Interleukin-12A, Interleukin-12B, CLMF, cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor, NKSF, natural killer cell stimulatory factor, NKSF1, natural killer cell stimulatory factor-1, NKSF2, natural killer cell stimulatory factor-2, TcMF, CTL maturation factor, TSF, T-cell stimulating factor) (Turka et al, 1995)

• K-FGF receptors (Gavrilovic et al, 1995)
• Krox-20 (Guennoun et al, 2001; Topilko et al, 1997)
• Krox-24 (Kury et al, 2002; Topilko et al, 1997)

• LCRF (luminal CCK-releasing factor, luminal cholecystokinin releasing factor, diazepam binding inhibitor, DBI, acyl-CoA-binding protein, ACBP, cholecystokinin releasing peptide, CCK-RP) (Yanase et al, 2002)
• LGI4 (leucine-rich glioma inactivated 4, clp, claw paw) (Bermingham et al (2006)
• LIF (ABAE cell growth-inhibitory activity; CDF, cholinergic differentiation factor, CNDF, cholinergic neuronal differentiation factor, D-Factor, differentiation stimulating factor, DIA, differentiation inhibiting activity, DIF, differentiation inducing factor, DRF, Differentiation-retarding factor, ES cell growth factor, ESCGF, embryonic stem cell growth factor, GATS, growth stimulatory activity for TS1 cells, HILDA, human interleukin for Da cells, HSF-2, hepatocyte stimulating factor-2, HSF-3, hepatocyte stimulating factor-3, Lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, M1 differentiation inducing activity, MCGEF, mast cell growth-enhancing factor, MLPLI, melanoma-derived lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, OAF, osteoclast activating factor) (Johann et al, 2003; Tofaris et al, 2002; Dowsing et al, 1999, 2001; Matsuoka et al, 1997; Carlson et al, 1996; Kurek et al, 1996)
•• LIF (ABAE cell growth-inhibitory activity; CDF, cholinergic differentiation factor, CNDF, cholinergic neuronal differentiation factor, D-Factor, differentiation stimulating factor, DIA, differentiation inhibiting activity, DIF, differentiation inducing factor, DRF, Differentiation-retarding factor, ES cell growth factor, ESCGF, embryonic stem cell growth factor, GATS, growth stimulatory activity for TS1 cells, HILDA, human interleukin for Da cells, HSF-2, hepatocyte stimulating factor-2, HSF-3, hepatocyte stimulating factor-3, Lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, M1 differentiation inducing activity, MCGEF, mast cell growth-enhancing factor, MLPLI, melanoma-derived lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, OAF, osteoclast activating factor) receptors (CD118) (Tofaris et al, 2002; Dowsing et al, 1999; Kami et al, 1999)

• Midkine (MK, Mdk, MK1, midgestation and kidney protein, NEGF-2, neurite growth-promoting factor-2, ARAP, Amphiregulin-associated protein, RIHB, retinoic acid-inducible heparin binding protein) (Mashour et al, 2001)
• MIF (MMIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, GIF, glycosylation inhibiting factor, phenylpyruvate tautomerase, PPT, EC5.3.2.1, phenylpyruvate keto-enol isomerase) (Huang et al, 2002)
•• MIF (MMIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, GIF, glycosylation inhibiting factor, phenylpyruvate tautomerase, PPT, EC5.3.2.1, phenylpyruvate keto-enol isomerase) receptors (Nishio et al, 2002)
• MMP-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1, collagenase, collagenase-1, CL-1, CLG1, fibroblast collagenase, fibroblast-type collagenase, interstitial collagenase, tissue collagenase, EC3.4.23.7) (Muir, 1995)
• MMP-2 (matrix metalloproteinase-2, EC3.4.24.24, 70 kDa gelatinase, 72 kDa gelatinase, 72 kDa metalloproteinase, collagenase type 4, collagenase type 4A, 72 kDa type IV collagenase, Gelatinase 72 kDa, Gelatinase A, Type IV collagenase, Type IVA collagenase, neutrophil gelatinase) (Muir, 1995)
• MMP-3 (matrix metalloproteinase-3, stromelysin-1, STMY1, STR1, SL-1, transin, transin-1, collagenase activating protein, procollagenase activator, proteoglycanase) (Hughes et al, 1998; Muir, 1995)
• MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9, EC3.4.24.35, gelatinase B, 92 kDa gelatinase, 92 kDa type IV collagenase, or PMNL gelatinase, polymorphonuclear leukocyte gelatinase, gelatinase type IV-B, collagenase type 5, collagenase-5, CL-5) (Hughes et al, 1998; Shubayev and Myers, 2002; La FlEuropean et al, 1996; Muir, 1995; Chattopadhyay et al, 2007)
•• MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9, EC3.4.24.35, gelatinase B, 92 kDa gelatinase, 92 kDa type IV collagenase, or PMNL gelatinase, polymorphonuclear leukocyte gelatinase, gelatinase type IV-B, collagenase type 5, collagenase-5, CL-5) receptors (Chattopadhyay and Shubayev, 2009)
• MMP-12 (matrix metalloproteinase-12, macrophage elastase, macrophage metalloelastase, EC3.4.24.65, MME, HME) (Hughes et al, 1998)
• mob-1 (Kury et al, 2002)

• netrin-1 (NTN1, NTN1L, netrin-1 like) (Mannit and Kennedy, 2002; Madison et al, 2000)
• Neural antiproliferative protein (Muir and Manthorpe, 1992)
• neuregulins (Fallon et al, 2004; Rosenbaum et al, 1997; Carroll et al, 1997; Raabe et al, 1996)
•• neuropeptide W (NPW, PPNPW, Neuropeptide W-23, NPW23, Neuropeptide W-30, NPW30, L8, L8C, GPCR8 ligand, GPCR8 ligand with c-terminal extension, PPL8, prepro-G protein-coupled receptor 8 ligand) receptors (GPR7, G-protein-coupled receptor-7, NPBWR1, neuropeptides B/W receptor 1, NPWR1, neuropeptide W receptor 1, opioid-somatostatin-like receptor 7) (Zaratin et al, 2005)
• neuropeptide Y (NPY, Y Neuropeptide) (Ubink R, Hokfelt, 2000)
• neuropilin-1 (Neuropilin, NPN-1, NP-1, NRP1, A5-antigen, BDCA4, Blood dendritic cell antigen 4, VEGF-165R, CD304) (Ara et al, 2005)
• neuropilin-2 (NPN-2, NP-2, NRP2) (Ara et al, 2005)
• Nexin-1 (PN-1-alpha, Glial-derived neurite promoting factor, GdNPF, Glia-derived nexin, GDN, NPF, neurite-promoting factor, Serpin E2) (Bleuel et al, 1995)
• NGF (nerve growth factor, 7S NGF, 7S nerve growth factor, NGF-alpha, Nerve growth factor-alpha, kallikrein Klk1b4, Klk1b4, NGF-beta, NGFB, Nerve growth factor-beta, NGFG, NGF-gamma, Nerve growth factor-gamma, kallikrein Klk1b3, Klk1b3) (Pagnotta et al, 2002; Pierson et al, 2002; Marcinkiewicz et al, 1998; Yuan et al, 2009; Huang et al, 2009)
•• NGF (nerve growth factor, 7S NGF, 7S nerve growth factor, NGF-alpha, Nerve growth factor-alpha, kallikrein Klk1b4, Klk1b4, NGF-beta, NGFB, Nerve growth factor-beta, NGFG, NGF-gamma, Nerve growth factor-gamma, kallikrein Klk1b3, Klk1b3) receptors (Maniwa et al, 2003)
• Ninjurin (nerve injury-induced protein, NIN1, NINJ1, Ninjurin-1, nerve injury-induced protein-1) (Araki and Milbrandt, 1996)
• Ninjurin-2 (Araki and Milbrandt, 2000)
• NT-3 (neurotrophin-3, neuronotrophin-3, neurotrophic factor-3, NTF-3, HDNF, hippocampus-derived neurotrophic factor, NGF-2, Nerve growth factor-2) (Hansen et al, 2001; Mirsky et al, 2002; Chan et al, 2001; Cai et al, 1999; Meier et al, 1999; Bonetti et al, 1997; Zhang et al, 2009)
•• NT-3 (neurotrophin-3, neuronotrophin-3, neurotrophic factor-3, NTF-3, HDNF, hippocampus-derived neurotrophic factor, NGF-2, Nerve growth factor-2) receptors (Maniwa et al, 2003; Mirsky et al, 2002; Lobsiger et al, 2000; Yamauchi et al, 2003)
•• NT-4 (neurotrophin-4, neuronotrophin-4, neurotrophic factor-4) receptors (Yin et al, 2001)
• NT-5 (neurotrophin-5, neurotrophic factor-5, NTF-5, NT-4/5, Neurotrophin-4/5) (Marz et al, 1999; Alderson et al, 2000)

• osteopontin (OPN, OP, Osp, 2ar, 44 kDa bone phosphoprotein, 66 kDa bone phosphoprotein, bone sialoprotein, bone sialoprotein-1, BSP, BSP1, BSPI, Calcium oxalate crystal growth inhibitor protein, Eta-1, early T-lymphocyte activation protein 1, Nephropontin, Spp-1, Secreted Phosphoprotein-1, transformation-related phosphoprotein, tumor-secreted phosphoprotein, urinary stone protein, Uropontin) (Jander et al, 2002)

• p75NTR (p75 neurotrophin receptor, p75LNGFR, LNGFR, p75 low affinity NGF receptor, TNFRSF16, TNF receptor superfamily member 16) (Turner et al, 2003; Petratos et al, 2003; Vroemen and Weidner, 2003; Tan et al, 2003; Cosgaya et al, 2002; Pagnotta et al, 2002; Pierson et al, 2002; Awatramani et al, 2002; Bonetti et al, 1997)
• PAI-1 (Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, PAI, plasminogen activator inhibitor, endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor, Serpin E1, MSF, monocyte suppressor factor, EIP-1, EGF-inducible protein 1, mesosecrin) (Rogister et al, 1990)
• PC-1 (autotaxin) (Marcinkiewicz et al, 1998)
• PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor, PDGF-1, PDGF-2, PDGF-A, PDGF-AA, PDGF-B, PDGF-BB, FDGF, fibroblast-derived growth factor, GDGF, glioma-derived growth factor-1, GDGF-2, glioma-derived growth factor-2, GSM, Glucocorticoid-suppressible mitogenic activity, MDF, mesangial cell proliferating factor, MDGF, monocyte-derived growth factor, OBIF, osteoblastogenesis inhibitory factor, ODGF, osteosarcoma-derived growth factor, T47D factor) (Mirsky et al, 2002; Oya et al, 2002; Meier et al, 1999; Badache and De Vries, 1998; Eccleston et al, 1993; Hardy et al, 1992)
•• PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor, PDGF-1, PDGF-2, PDGF-A, PDGF-AA, PDGF-B, PDGF-BB, FDGF, fibroblast-derived growth factor, GDGF, glioma-derived growth factor-1, GDGF-2, glioma-derived growth factor-2, GSM, Glucocorticoid-suppressible mitogenic activity, MDF, mesangial cell proliferating factor, MDGF, monocyte-derived growth factor, OBIF, osteoblastogenesis inhibitory factor, ODGF, osteosarcoma-derived growth factor, T47D factor) receptors (Eccleston et al, 1990; Oya et al, 2002; Mirsky et al, 2002; Berti-Mattera et al, 2001; Lobsiger et al, 2000; Badache and De Vries, 1998; Neuberger et al, 1997; Watabe et al, 1994; Eccleston et al, 1993; Hardy et al, 1992; Chattopadhyay and Shubayev, 2009)
• PEDF (pigment epithelium-derived factor, EPC-1, early population doubling level cDNA, Caspin, SDF-3, Stromal cell-derived factor-3, Serpin F1) (Lertsburapa and De Vries, 2004; Crawford et al, 2001)
• perforin-1 (pore-forming protein-1, perforin, pore-forming protein, PFP, PFN, PRF1, PFN1) (Bonetti et al, 2003)
• pleiotrophin (PTN, HARP, heparin affin regulatory peptide, HBBM, heparin binding brain mitogen, HB-GAF, heparin binding growth-associated factor, HB-GAM, heparin binding growth-associated molecule, HBGF-8, heparin binding growth factor-8, HBNF, heparin binding neurotrophic factor, NEGF-1, neurite growth-promoting factor-1, OSF-1, osteoblast-specific factor-1) (Vanderwinden et al, 1992)
• Plexin-A3 (PLXNA3, Plexin-4, SEX) (Ara et al, 2005)
•• prosaposin (Saposin A, Saposin B, Saposin C, Saposin D, sphingolipid activator protein, SAP, cerebroside sulfate activators, N-9F-proliferation factor, SGP-1, Sulfated glycoprotein-1) receptors (Hiraiwa et al, 1997, 1999)

• RAMP-1 (receptor activity-modifying protein-1) (Dumont et al, 2002)
• RAMP-2 (receptor activity-modifying protein-2) (Dumont et al, 2002)
• RAMP-3 (receptor activity-modifying protein-3) (Dumont et al, 2002)
• Reelin (RELN, RL, reeler, CR-50 antigen) (Panteri et al, 2006)
•• REG2 (regenerating islet derived-2, LC12, PAP-1, pancreatitis-associated protein-1, PAP, pancreatitis-associated protein, HIP/PAP, peptide 23, pancreatitis-associated thread protein, PATP) receptors (Livesey et al, 1997)

• S100 (S100a, S100A1, S100-alpha, S100b, S100-beta, NEF, neurite extension factor) (Bhattacharyya et al, 1992; Mata et al, 1990)
• S100A4 (CAPL, calcium placental protein, Calvasculin, metastasin, 18A2, 42A, P9Ka, pEL98, fibroblast secretory protein-1, FSP-1) (Sandelin et al, 2004)
• S100A6 (calcyclin) (Yamashita et al, 1999)
• SCF (stem cell factor, HLGF-1, hemolymphopoietic growth factor-1), KL, kit ligand, KITL, KITLG, Mast/stem cell growth factor, MGF, mast cell growth factor, SLF, steel factor) (Yang et al, 2003)
•• SCF (stem cell factor, HLGF-1, hemolymphopoietic growth factor-1), KL, kit ligand, KITL, KITLG, Mast/stem cell growth factor, MGF, mast cell growth factor, SLF, steel factor) receptors (kit, CD117) (Badache et al, 1998)
• SDGF and SDGF receptors (Kimura et al, 1990)
• Semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A, SEMA1, Semaphorin 3, sema III, collapsin-1, coll-1, Hsema-I, Semaphorin D, Sem D, SEMAD) (De Winter et al, 2006)
• SERAF (Schwann cell-specific EGF-like repeat autocrine factor) (Wakamatsu et al, 2004)
• SGIF (Autocrine Schwann cell growth-inhibitory factor, alpha-1-procollagen I) (Rushton et al, 1999)
• SMDF receptors (Cabedo et al, 2002)
• Slit-2 (RGC growth cone collapsing factor, retinal ganglion cell growth cone collapsing factor) (Tanno et al, 2005; Zhou YQ et al, 2004)
• SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine, osteonectin, BM-40, 43K glycoprotein) (Bampton et al, 2005; Chlenski et al, 2002)
•• substance P (Neurokinin-1, NK1, Tac1, tachykinin-1) receptors (Evans et al, 1990)

• TGF-beta-1 (transforming growth factor-beta-1, CIF-A, cartilage inducing factor A, ISF, immunosuppressive factor, MGF-b, milk growth factor, PDGI, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth inhibitor) (Scherer et al, 1993; Feng and Ko, 2008)
• TGF-beta-2 (transforming growth factor-beta-2, TGFB2, G-TsF, Glioblastoma-derived T-cell suppressor factor, CIF-B, cartilage inducing factor B, Corneal epithelial inhibitor of stromal cell collagenase synthesis, DSF, decidual suppressor factor, MGF-a, milk growth factor) (Stoll et al, 2004; Unsicker and Strelau, 2000; Scherer et al, 1993)
• TGF-beta-3 (transforming growth factor-beta-3, TGFB3) (Unsicker and Strelau, 2000; Scherer et al, 1993)
•• TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta, TGFB, B-TGF, Aqueous humor lymphocyte inhibitory activity, DIF, differentiation-inhibiting factor, EGI, epithelial cell-specific growth inhibitor; epithelial growth inhibitor, EIF, Epstein-Barr virus inducing factor, Epithelial cell growth inhibiting factor, G-TsF, glioma-derived T-cell suppressor factor, MDGF, milk-derived growth factor, MGF, milk growth factor, Polyergin, Simian BSC-1 cell growth inhibitor, SP factor, TCGF, transformed cell growth factor, TGI, tissue-derived growth inhibitor, TIF-1, tumor inducing factor-1) receptors (Awatramani et al, 2002; Rosenbaum et al, 1997; Lisak et al, 2001; Hansen et al, 2001; Parkinson et al, 2001; Cai et al, 1999; Skoff et al, 1998; Matsuoka et al, 1997; Stewart et al, 1995; Watabe et al, 1994)
• TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1, TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, HCI, human collagenase inhibitor, CLGI, 3/10, 16C8, Fibroblast elongation factor, fibroblast collagenase inhibitor, B1 anticollagenase, Beta-1 anticollagenase, EPA, erythroid promoting activity, embryogenin-1, TPA-S1, TPA-induced protein S1) (La FlEuropean et al, 1996)
• TLR-2 (Toll-like receptor-2, TIL-4, Toll-interleukin-1 receptor-like-4, Ly105, lymphocyte antigen 105, CD282) (Oliveira et al, 2003)
• TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNFSF2, TNF ligand superfamily member 2, Cachectin, CF, cytotoxic factor, CTX, cytotoxin, DIF, differentiation inducing factor, EP, endogenous pyrogens, Hemorrhagic factor, Macrophage-derived cytotoxic factor, J774-derived cytotoxic factor, MCF, macrophage cytotoxic factor, MCT, macrophage cytotoxin, MD-FGF, monocyte-derived fibroblast growth factor, PCF, peritoneal cytotoxic factor, RCF, Released cytotoxic factor) (Shamash et al, 2002; Shubayev and Myers, 2002; Putzu et al, 2000; Murwani et al, 1996; La FlEuropean et al, 1996)
•• TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNFSF2, TNF ligand superfamily member 2, Cachectin, CF, cytotoxic factor, CTX, cytotoxin, DIF, differentiation inducing factor, EP, endogenous pyrogens, Hemorrhagic factor, Macrophage-derived cytotoxic factor, J774-derived cytotoxic factor, MCF, macrophage cytotoxic factor, MCT, macrophage cytotoxin, MD-FGF, monocyte-derived fibroblast growth factor, PCF, peritoneal cytotoxic factor, RCF, Released cytotoxic factor) receptors (Teare et al, 2004; Kury et al, 2003; Lisak et al, 2001; Subang and Richardson, 2001; Bonetti et al, 2000; Scarpini et al, 1999; Constantin et al, 1999; Skoff et al, 1998; Tao et al, 2009)
• trkB (tropomyosin-related kinase B, NTRK2, neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor 2) (Frisen et al, 1993; Alderson et al, 2000)
• trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase C, NTRK3, neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor 3) (Yamauchi et al, 2003)

• VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-A, vascular endothelial growth factor A, VEGF-1, vascular endothelial growth factor-1, VEG/PF, vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor, GD-VEGF, glioma-derived vascular endothelial growth factor, VAS, Vasculotropin, Vascular endothelial cell proliferation factor, VPF, vascular permeability factor, FSdGF, Folliculo stellate cell-derived growth factor) (Caye-Thomasen et al, 2003; Saito et al, 2003; Samii et al, 1999; Mukouyama et al, 2005)
•• VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-A, vascular endothelial growth factor A, VEGF-1, vascular endothelial growth factor-1, VEG/PF, vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor, GD-VEGF, glioma-derived vascular endothelial growth factor, VAS, Vasculotropin, Vascular endothelial cell proliferation factor, VPF, vascular permeability factor, FSdGF, Folliculo stellate cell-derived growth factor) receptors (Sondell et al, 1999)
•• VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) receptors (Zhang et al, 1996; Bleuel et al, 1995)

For related information see also: Cell types, Cell lines in Cytokine Research, Cell culture.

LAST MODIFIED: November 2009

See REFERENCES for entry Schwann cells

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