Cytokines & Cells Online Pathfinder Encyclopaedia
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Horst Ibelgaufts' COPE:
Cytokines & Cells Online Pathfinder Encyclopaedia |
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Four known isotypes:
CD1a (T6, Leu6, R4, HTA1 [human thymocyte antigen-1], NA1/34)
CD1b (R1, 4A76)
CD1c (M241, R7, BDCA1, blood dendritic cell antigen 1)
CD1d (R3, R3G1, Ly38)
CD1e (R2G1)
Human CD1 comprises five distinct genes: CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, CD1d, CD1e (Martin et al, 1986; Porcelli, 1995). Calabi et al (1989) have grouped the proteins into two families according to sequence similarities. Group 1 proteins (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c) are found in humans and some other mammalian species, but not in mice or rats (Rhind, 2001). CD1d is expressed in rodents, humans, and most mammalian species. Kojo et al (2000) have described the existence of at least eight alternatively spliced variants of the CD1d gene in humans.
The structure of CD1 proteins is similar to that of the MHC class 1 proteins. CD1 heavy chains form complexes with beta-2-Microglobulin that are expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (Porcelli, 1995). In contrast to MHC molecules, CD1 proteins bind lipid antigens (Gadola et al, 2002; Zeng et al, 1997; Moody et al, 1997).
The CD1 antigen is expressed in thymocytes, monocytes after cell activation, Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, T-cells after cell activation, myeloid leukemia cells, subsets of B-cells, and microglial cells and macrophages.
The murine CD1 locus contains two highly homologous genes, CD1d1 (called also CD1.1) and CD1d2 (called also CD1.2) (Balk et al, 1991). The two mouse CD1 genes are 95 % identical. They are differentially transcribed in different tissues (Bradbury et al, 1990). The C57BL/6 strain only expresses CD1.1 (Park et al, 1998). The two proteins are the homologs of human CD1d. CD1d1 is expressed by all lymphocytes, mainly on dendritic cells, B-cells, and macrophages (Roark et al, 1998). CD1d2 can be detected only on the surface of thymocytes. CD1d1 is essential for the development of a major subset of NKT-cells that secrete IL4 following cell activation. Mice lacking CD1d are severely depleted in their NKT-cell pools (Chen et al, 1997; Mendiratta et al, 1997). CD1d2 cannot substitute for CD1d1 in NKT-cell development (Chen et al, 1999).
Expression of CD1c is found in B-cells. Expression of CD1d is found in intestinal epithelium and plays an important role in the activities of NKT-cells.
For additional information on CD antigens see also: CD antigens MiniCOPE Dictionary.
ENTRY IN PREPARATION See remarks in the CD antigens Dictionary section of this encyclopedia.
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