Horst Ibelgaufts' COPE: Cytokines & Cells Online Pathfinder Encyclopaedia COPE needs your support to remain a free service!

osteoblasts

Osteoblasts are cell that produce and maintain bone tissues and are being referred to also as osteogenic cells.

Osteoblasts are derived from a common multipotent bone marrow progenitor that gives rise to both osteoblasts and hematopoietic cells (Dominici et al, 2004). Osteoblasts differentiate from mesenchymal stem cells, also known as bone marrow stromal fibroblasts. Upon termination of bone matrix synthesis, osteoblasts either undergo cell death by apoptosis or differentiate into osteocytes or bone lining cells, which are inactive osteoblasts. These terminally differentiated cells are the most abundant cells in bone and have become embedded in the mineralized matrix. These cells are connected to the each other and to the cells on the bone surface and may send signals that regulate bone modeling and remodeling (Heino et al, 2002). Bone lining cells are cells with flat or slightly ovoid nuclei that cover non-remodeling (inactive) bone surfaces, particularly in the adult skeleton, and connect to other bone lining cells via gap junctions. They also send cell processes into surface canaliculi. These cells can be induced to proliferate and differentiate into osteogenic cells (osteoblasts) and may represent a source of determined osteogenic precursors.

Bone lining cells and other cells of the endosteal tissues may be an integral part of the marrow stromal system and have important functions in hematopoiesis and probably control the hematopoietic inductive microenvironment. Bone lining cells are probably involved in the propagation of the activation signal that initiates bone resorption and bone remodeling and are important in the maintenance of the bone fluids and ion fluxes between the bone fluid and interstitial fluid compartments for mineral homeostasis (Miller et al, 1989).

The spaces that osteoblasts occupy are called lacunae. Upon cell activation they begin to secrete some extracellular matrix around themselves (the organic constituents of bone matrix). Osteocytes are non-divinding cells. They form cytoplasmic processes that occupy narrow spaces in the extracellular matrix and connect to other osteocytes via gap junctions. During subsequent development these processes become channels (canaliculi) connecting the lacunae to regions that provide oxygen and nutrients. Calcification, i.e., deposition of insoluble calcium salts in the bone matrix, begins a short time after the matrix has been secreted. New bone matrix that has not yet been calcified is called osteoid. Bone formation begins with irregular shaped pieces of bone called a spicule. These form into trabeculae when osteoblasts deposit more matrix onto the surface of the spicule. Eventually, a network of trabeculae forms a spongy bone (cancellous bone). Osteoblasts on the surface of the trabeculae continue to add new layers of bone. Compact bones are formed in a process called bone remodeling, which involves the concerted action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts that have the capacity to erode bone surfaces (bone resorption).

Odontoblasts, called also cementoblasts or dentin cells, are cytomorphologically similar to osteoblasts and are involved in the formation of cementum, the thin layer of calcified tissue covering the dentine of the root.

Differentiation of osteoblasts is characterized by expression of alkaline phosphatase as an early marker of pre-osteoblasts. Later, the cells express the transcription factor CBFA1 that drives osteoblastic differentiation and the CBFA1 target gene osteocalcin. The cells also show enhanced expression of collagen 1 and eventually, calcification of the extracellular matrix (Wagner and Karsenty, 2001).

Retinoic acid can also enhance osteoblast differentiation through induction of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and osteopontin expression (Choong et al, 1993; Sodek et al, 1995). Differentiation of osteoblasts in culture is inhibited by TGF-beta (Centrella et al, 1994; Alliston et al, 2001)
Leclerc et al (2004) have studied gene expression profiles in osteoblasts treated with glucocorticoids and identified 74/12,000 upregulated and 17/12,000 downregulated genes. Roman-Roman et al (2003) have identified 601/27,000 genes displaying significant expression modulation during the culture of osteoblasts isolated from mice calvaria. Qin et al (2003) have used expression profiling to identify 125 known and 30 unknown expressed sequence tags showing altered expression after treatment of osteoblasts with parathyroid hormone. A comprehensive gene expression study comparing osteocytes and osteoblasts has been reported by Paic et al (2009).

The following list of mediators known to be expressed by osteoblasts makes no distinction between different species, resting or activated cells and other parameters. The factors listed may have autocrine, paracrine or endocrine functions, affecting many other cell types. Expression of most of these mediators is subject to modulation by cytokines, growth factors, hormones, and other influences.

Osteoblasts have been shown to possess the capacity to express the proteins listed below. Please note the following general observation: expression may be influenced by tissue localization, may occur only in discrete subpopulations of cells, may vary between established cell lines, primary cells, embryonic cells, mature cells, fully differentiated cells, activated cells, non-activated cells or growth conditions (confluent vs. sparse cultures), may be influenced by various disease states (including cancer environment), and may differ between species.
Note also: expression profile information lists entities only for which there is an entry in COPE or one of its subdictionaries.

The meaning of • and •• is as follows: • factor/protein is expressed; •• receptor (or, in some instances, binding sites) for this factor/protein is expressed. For further explanations concerning format, "hidden" information, and/or ambiguities see my remarks in the entry cell types.

• 4-1BB (CD137, Ly63, lymphocyte antigen 63, ILA, induced by lymphocyte activation, TNFRSF9, TNF receptor superfamily member 9) (Saito et al, 2004)

•• Activin A (EDF, erythroid differentiation factor, FRP, Follicle stimulating hormone releasing protein, Restrictin-P, WEHI-MIF, WEHI mesoderm inducing factor, INHA, inhibin-alpha, Inhibin-beta-A, INHBA) receptors (Shuto et al, 1997; Hashimoto et al, 1992)
• ADAM9 (disintegrin and metalloprotease domain 9, Meltrin-gamma, MLTNG, Myeloma Cell Metalloproteinase, MCMP, MDC-9) (Mohan et al, 2002)
• ADAM12 (disintegrin and metalloprotease domain 12, Meltrin-alpha, MLTNA) (Kahai et al, 2004)
• ADAM19 (MADDAM, metalloprotease and disintegrin dendritic antigen marker, Meltrin-beta, MLTNB) (Chesneau et al, 2003; Kahai et al, 2004)
• ADAMTS1 (Disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif-1, METH-1) (Lind et al, 2005; Miles et al, 2000; Jungers et al, 2005)
• ADAMTS4 (Disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif-4, Aggrecanase-1, hyalectanase) (Lind et al, 2005)
• ADAMTS5 (Disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif-5, aggrecanase-2, implantin) (Lind et al, 2005)
• ADAMTS9 (Disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif-9) (Hurson et al, 2003)
• ADAMTS18 (Disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif-18, ADAMTS21, Disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif-21 (Paic et al, 2009)
• Adrenomedullin (ADM, AM) (Hamada et al, 2002)
•• Adrenomedullin (ADM, AM) receptors (Hamada et al, 2002)
• aFGF (acidic fibroblast growth factor, FGF-1, Fibroblast growth factor-1, FGF-alpha, Fibroblast growth factor-alpha, HBGF-1, heparin binding growth factor-1, Endothelial cell growth factor-alpha) (Pagel et al, 2009; Paic et al, 2009; Thi et al, 2007)
•• aFGF (acidic fibroblast growth factor, FGF-1, Fibroblast growth factor-1, FGF-alpha, Fibroblast growth factor-alpha, HBGF-1, heparin binding growth factor-1, Endothelial cell growth factor-alpha) receptors (Kelpke et al, 2001; Rodan et al, 1987; Fakhry et al, 2005; Yang X et al, 2006)
• Alpha-2-Macroglobulin (Alpha-2MG, Alpha-2M, A2M) (Mohan et al, 2002)
•• alpha-MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone-alpha, alpha-melanotropin, alpha-melanocortin, melanotropin, POMC, proopiomelanocortin) receptors (Cornish et al, 2003)
•• ANF (Atrial natriuretic factor, natriuretic peptide, atrionatriuretic factor, Alpha-ANP, Atrial natriuretic polypeptide, ANP, Atrial polypeptide, Atriopeptin, cardionatrin, cardionatrin I, NPPA) receptors (Yanaka et al, 1998; Hagiwara et al, 1996; Fletcher et al, 1986)
• angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2, ANGPT2) (Stahl et al, 2004; Paic et al, 2009)
• Angiopoietin-3 (Ang-3, ANGPT3, ANGPTL1, Angiopoietin-like-1) (Paic et al, 2009)
• Angiopoietin-like-2 (ANGPTL2, ARP-2, angiopoietin-related protein-2) (Kahai et al, 2004; Paic et al, 2009)
• angiotensin-2 receptors (Thi et al, 2007; Paic et al, 2009)
• Annexin-1 (Annexin A1, ANX1, ANXA1, lipocortin-1, LPC1, LCT1, LC1, Lipo1, macrocortin, renocortin, lipomodulin, GIF, glycosylation inhibiting factor, CB9, chromobindin-9, calpactin-2) (Hwang et al, 2004; Suarez et al, 1993)
• Annexin-2 (Annexin A2, ANX2, ANXA2, PAP-4, placental anticoagulant protein 4, Lipocortin-2, Endonexin-2, Calpactin-1) (Suarez et al, 1993)
• Annexin-5 (Annexin A5, ANX5, ANXA5, 35 kDa Calelectrin, 35-gamma Calcimedin, Anchorin C2, PAP-1, placental anticoagulant protein-1, CBP-I, Calphobindin-1, CBP, calphobindin, Endonexin-2, ENX2, Lipocortin V, Lipocortin-5, VAC-alpha, vascular anticoagulant-alpha, chromobindin-4, 32 kDa calcimedin, EEP 32-2, PP4, placental protein-4, CaBP33, calcium binding protein 33 kDa, CaBP37, calcium binding protein 37 kDa) (Suarez et al, 1993)
• Apelin (APJ receptor ligand, APJ endogenous ligand) (Xie et al, 2006)
•• Apelin (APJ receptor ligand, APJ endogenous ligand) receptors (APJ, Angiotensin Receptor-like-1, AGTRL1, B78/apj, X-msr, msr/APJ, GPR15, BOB) (Xie et al, 2006)
• axin-1 (axin, Axis inhibition protein 1, Axis inhibitor 1, Daxin haxin, raxin, Xaxin, fused, fu) (Hay et al, 2009)
• Axin-2 (Axis inhibition protein 2, Axis inhibitor 2, conductin, axil, Axin-like protein) (Hayashi et al, 2009)

• BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor) (Pinski et al, 2002)
• Beta-IG-H3 (TGF-beta-inducible gene H3, BIGH3, TGFBI, transforming growth factor-beta-induced 68 kDa protein, TGF-beta-induced 68 kDa protein, Kerato-epithelin, ODM-42-I, RGD-CAP, RGD-containing collagen-associated protein) (Paic et al, 2009)
• bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor, FGF-2, Fibroblast growth factor-2, FGF-beta, Fibroblast growth factor-beta, HBGF-2, heparin binding growth factor-2) (Hatton et al, 2003; Sabbieti et al, 2005; Tatsuyama et al, 2000; Doan et al, 1999; Hurley et al, 1999; Sobue et al, 2001; Hurson et al, 2007; Pagel et al, 2009)
•• bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor, FGF-2, Fibroblast growth factor-2, FGF-beta, Fibroblast growth factor-beta, HBGF-2, heparin binding growth factor-2) receptors (Blanquaert et al, 2000; Hurley et al, 1999; Chaudhary and Hruska, 2001; Chen et al, 2000; Kozawa et al, 2002; Sabbieti et al, 2005; Tang et al, 2004; Tatsuyama et al, 2000; Yasuda et al, 2005; Zeng et al, 2003; Tang et al, 2007; Bosetti et al, 2007; Yamauchi et al, 2009)
• BMP receptors (Yeh et al, 2000; Li et al, 2001)
• BMP1 (bone morphogenetic protein-1, procollagen C-proteinase, EC3.4.24.19) (Anderson et al, 2000; Kahai et al, 2004; Palmieri et al, 2000)
• BMP2 (bone morphogenetic protein-2, bone morphogenetic protein-2A, BMP2A, BMP2-alpha) (Ohara et al, 2004; Fakhry et al, 2005; Thomadakis et al, 1999; Anderson et al, 2000; Yeh et al, 2000; Wu et al, 2008; Lai et al, 2008; Hou et al, 2009)
•• BMP2 (bone morphogenetic protein-2, bone morphogenetic protein-2A, BMP2A, BMP2-alpha) receptors (Chikazu et al, 2002; Lai and Cheng, 2002; Hay et al, 2004; Shibata et al, 2004; Reppe et al, 2004; Sutherland et al, 2004; Varghese et al, 2005; Gazzerro et al, 1999; Li et al, 2001; Zhao et al, 2009)
• BMP3 (bone morphogenetic protein-2, osteogenin) (Thomadakis et al, 1999; Anderson et al, 2000; Paic et al, 2009)
• BMP3b (bone morphogenetic protein-3b, GDF10, growth/differentiation factor-10) (Hino et al, 1999; Paic et al, 2009)
• BMP4 (bone morphogenetic protein-4, bone morphogenetic protein-2B, BMP2B, DVR-4, decapentaplegic-Vg-related-4, BIP, bone-inducing protein) (Anderson et al, 2000; Pardo et al, 2005; Pereira et al, 2000; van den Wijngaard et al, 2000; Yeh et al, 2000; Li et al, 2001; Paic et al, 2009)
•• BMP4 (bone morphogenetic protein-4, bone morphogenetic protein-2B, BMP2B, DVR-4, decapentaplegic-Vg-related-4, BIP, bone-inducing protein) receptors (Kozawa et al, 2001; Pereira et al, 2000; Sutherland et al, 2004; Tokuda et al, 2003; Gazzerro et al, 1999)
• BMP5 (bone morphogenetic protein-5, short ear, se) (Anderson et al, 2000; Yeh et al, 2000)
• BMP6 (DVR-6, decapentaplegic-Vg-related-6, Vgr-1, vegetal-specific-related-1) (Anderson et al, 2000; Yeh et al, 2000)
•• BMP6 (DVR-6, decapentaplegic-Vg-related-6, Vgr-1, vegetal-specific-related-1) receptors (Sutherland et al, 2004; Gazzerro et al, 1999; Boden et al, 1997)
• BMP7 (bone morphogenetic protein-7, OP-1, osteogenic protein-1, Eptotermin alfa, Osigraft) (Thomadakis et al, 1999; Yeh et al, 2000)
•• BMP7 (bone morphogenetic protein-7, OP-1, osteogenic protein-1, Eptotermin alfa, Osigraft) receptors (Yeh et al, 2001; Acil et al, 2002; Lee et al, 2003; Eichner et al, 2002; Yeh et al, 2000)
• BMP8 (bone morphogenetic protein-8, bone morphogenetic protein-8a, BMP8a, OP-2, osteogenic protein-2) (Paic et al, 2009)
•• bradykinin (BK, BDK, BKN, Bradykinin(1-9), BK[1-9], Alpha-2-thiol proteinase inhibitor, Fitzgerald factor, Flaujeac factor, HMWK, HMWKa, High molecular weight kininogen, HMWK-kallikrein factor, KNG, KNG1, Kininogen, Kininogen-1, LMWK, Low molecular weight kininogen, Williams factor, Williams-Fitzgerald-Flaujeac factor) receptors (Ljunggren et al, 1993; Tatakis et al, 1992; Brechter and Lerner, 2007)

• Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CALC1, CALCA, Calcitonin gene-related polypeptide-alpha, alpha-CGRP, CGRP-alpha, beta-CGRP, CGRP-beta) (Drissi et al, 1997)
•• Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CALC1, CALCA, Calcitonin gene-related polypeptide-alpha, alpha-CGRP, CGRP-alpha, beta-CGRP, CGRP-beta) receptors (Millet and Vignery, 1997)
• CARD4 (caspase recruitment domain-containing protein-4, Nod-1, Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 1) (Marriott et al, 2005)
• CARD15 (caspase recruitment domain-containing protein-15, Nod-2, Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 2, IBD1, inflammatory bowel disease 1, BLAU) (Marriott et al, 2005; Yang et al, 2005)
• Cartducin (CTRP3, C1q/TNF-related protein 3, C1ATNF3, Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3, C1QTNF3, C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 3, cartonectin) (Paic et al, 2009)
• caveolin-1 (CAV1, caveolae protein 1, Caveolin, CAV, caveolae protein 22 kDa, Alpha-Caveolin, beta-Caveolin, VIP21, Vesicular Integral-membrane Protein of 21 kDa, VIP21/caveolin) (Paic et al, 2009)
• CCL2 (CC chemokine ligand 2, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, GDCF, Glioma-derived monocyte chemotactic factor-2, GDCF-2, HC11, JE, LDCF, MCAF, MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein, MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, SMC-CF, smooth muscle cell chemotactic factor, TDCF, tumor-derived chemotactic factors, TSG-8, tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene sequence-8, SCYA2) (Lin et al, 2004; Wright and Friedland, 2004; Lisignoli et al, 2002; Fritz et al, 2002; Hurson et al, 2007; Queally et al, 2009)
• CCL3 (CC chemokine ligand 3, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3, MIP-1-alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein-1-alpha, 464.1, GOS-19-1, L2G25B, LD78, LD78-alpha, SCI, stem cell inhibition factor, stem cell inhibitor, TY5, SCYA3, SCYA3L1) (Lisignoli et al, 2002; Yu et al, 2004)
• CCL5 (CC chemokine ligand 5, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5, RANTES, EoCP-1, Eosinophil chemotactic polypeptide-1, SIS-delta, TCP228, T-cell-specific protein p228, SCYA5) (Lisignoli et al, 2002; Yu et al, 2004; Yano et al, 2005; Wright and Friedland, 2004; Shen et al, 2005)
• CCL7 (CC chemokine ligand 7, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7, SCYA7, MCP-3, monocyte chemoattractant protein-3, FIC, Fibroblast-inducible cytokine, NC28, MARC, mast cell activation-related chemokine) (Yu et al, 2004)
• CCL17 (CC chemokine ligand 17, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17, SCYA17, TARC, Thymus and Activation Regulated Chemokine, ABCD-2) (Cadosch et al, 2009)
• CCL20 (CC chemokine ligand 20, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20, SCYA20, LARC, Liver and Activation Regulated Chemokine, Exodus, Exodus-1, MIP-3-alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein-3-alpha, Ck-beta-4, Chemokine-beta-4, ST38) (Giuliani et al, 2008; Lisignoli et al, 2009)
• CCL22 (CC chemokine ligand 22, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 22, ABCD-1, DC/B-Ck, dendritic cell/B-cell derived chemokine, MDC, Human macrophage-derived chemokine STCP-1, stimulated T-cell chemotactic protein, SCYA22) (Cadosch et al, 2009)

• CCL23 (CC chemokine ligand 23, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 23, MIP-3, macrophage inflammatory protein-3, MPIF-1, Myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor-1, Ck-beta-8, Chemokine-beta-8, SCYA23) (Votta et al, 2000)
• CCR1 (CC-Chemokine receptor 1, RANTES receptor, MIP-1-alpha receptor, LD78 receptor, CC-CKR1, HM145, YT4, CD191, CMKBR1, chemokine-beta receptor 1) (RANTES receptors) (Yano et al, 2005)
• CCR3 (CC-Chemokine receptor 3, CC-CKR3, Eotaxin receptor, CMKBR3, chemokine-beta receptor 3, MIP-1-alpha RL2, MIP-1-alpha receptor-like-2, CD193) (Yano et al, 2005)
• CCR4 (CC-Chemokine receptor 4, CC-CKR4, CKR4, CMKBR4, chemokine-beta receptor 4, K5-5, CD194) (Yano et al, 2005; Cadosch et al, 2009)
• CCR5 (CC-Chemokine receptor 5, CC-CKR5, CMKBR5, ChemR13, CD195) (Yano et al, 2005)
• CCR6 (CC-Chemokine receptor 6, GPRCY4, STRL22, DRY6, CKR-L3, CMKBR6, chemokine-beta receptor 6, GPR29, CD196) (Lisignoli et al, 2009)
• CD9 (602-29 antigen, ALB6 antigen, BA2, BTCC-1, DRAP-27, Diphtheria toxin receptor associated protein 27 kDa, GIG2, MIC3, MRP-1, Motility-related protein-1, NCA, neural cell surface antigen, p24, SH-9, TSPAN29, tetraspanin 29) (Kahai et al, 2004)
• CD10 (CALLA, common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen; common ALL antigen, endopeptidase 24.11, enkephalinase, gp100, J5, MME, membrane metalloendopeptidase, NEP, neutral endopeptidase, EC3.4.24.11, neprilysin, neutral endopeptidase, neutral endopeptidase 24.11) (Benayahu et al, 1994; Indig et al, 1990)
• CD29 (FNRB, fibronectin receptor beta subunit, ITGB1, integrin-beta-1, platelet protein GPIIa, VLA-beta, very late activation antigen-beta, VLA-beta-1, VLA-4 beta subunit) (Jiang et al, 2005; Xia et al, 2008)
• CD40 (Bp50, TNFRSF5, TNF receptor superfamily member 5) (Ahuja et al, 2003; Schrum et al, 2003)
• CD43 (3E8 antigen, GALGP, galactoglycoprotein, gpL115, L60, Leu22, Lp-3, LSN, leukosialin, Ly48, MT1, OX75, S7 antigen, SPN, sialophorin, W3/13) (Reyes-Botella et al, 2000)
• CD44 (CD44H, AnWj blood group antigen, ECMR-3, extracellular matrix receptor-3, HCAM, homing-associated cell adhesion molecule, Hermes-1, Hermes antigen, HUTCH-1, Indian blood group antigen, In blood group antigen, Ly24, MC56, MDU2, MDU3, MIC4, MUC 2-63, OX49, PGP1, PGP1.1, phagocytic glycoprotein-1) (Fujii et al, 2003; Jiang et al, 2005; Reyes-Botella et al, 2000)
• CD49b (Br alloantigen, DX5, ECMR-2, extracellular matrix receptor-2, GPIa, HPA-5, human platelet antigen-5, ITGA2, integrin-alpha-2, platelet glycoprotein Ia/IIa, VLA-2, very late activation antigen 2, VLAA2, VLA2 receptor alpha 2 subunit, Zav alloantigen) (Xia et al, 2008)
• CD49e (fibronectin receptor alpha chain, FNRA, ITGA5, integrin-alpha-5, VLA-5, very late activation antigen 5, VLA-5-alpha) (Xia et al, 2008)
• CD54 (7F7, BB2, human rhinovirus receptor, ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, IFN-gamma regulated human melanoma-associated antigen, Ly47, MALA-2, Me14-D12, P3.58) (Lavigne et al, 2004; Lisignoli et al, 2004; Nakayamada et al, 2003; Fujii et al, 2003; Tanaka et al, 1995, 2000; Xynos et al, 2001)
• CD56 (5.1.H11, BASCA, brain-associated small cell lung cancer antigen, Leu19, MSK39, NCAM, neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM1, neural cell adhesion molecule-1, NKH-1, PSA-NCAM, polysialylated NCAM, E-NCAM, embryonic NCAM, embryonic neural cell adhesion molecule) (Lee and Chuong, 1992)
• CD58 (LFA-3, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3, T11TS, T11 target structure) (Tanaka et al, 1995)
• CD73 (5'-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase, EC3.1.3.5, L-VAP-2, Lymphocyte-vascular adhesion protein-2, NT5E, E5NT, E-5'Nu, NTE, ecto-5'-nucleotidase, 5'-nucleotidase, SH-3, SH-4) (Jiang et al, 2005)
• CD80 (B7, B7-1, BB1, B-lymphoblast antigen-1, Ly53) (Reyes-Botella et al, 2000)
• CD82 (4F9, C33, GR15, IA4, KAI1, KANGAI-1, R2, Inducible membrane protein R2, SAR2, surface antigen R2, ST6, suppressor of tumorigenicity-6, TSPAN27, tetraspanin 27) (Paic et al, 2009)
• CD86 (B70, B72, B7-2, BU-63, CD28 ligand-2, CD28LG2, CLS1, FUN-1, GR65, LAB7-2, Ly58, MB7) (Reyes-Botella et al, 2000)
• CD87 (MO3, PLAUR, plasminogen activator urokinase receptor, UPA-R, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, URKR, urokinase receptor) (Tumber et al, 2003)
• CD91 (A2MR, Alpha-2-Macroglobulin receptor, APOER, apolipoprotein E receptor, APR [apolipoprotein receptor, CED1, LRP, Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein, LRP1, lipoprotein receptor-related protein) (Grey et al, 2004; Niemeier et al, 2005)
• CD95 (FAS, APO-1, apoptosis antigen-1, APT1, TNFRSF6, TNF receptor superfamily member 6, FASTM, FASL receptor) (Bu et al, 2003)
• CD99 (12E7, MIC2, MIC2X, MIC2Y, E2 antigen, CD99R, O13, hec2, HBA-71) (Hamilton et al, 2002)
• CD105 (E9 protein, endoglin, HHT1, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1, ORW, Osler-Rendu-Weber syndrome, ORW1, SH-2) (Jiang et al, 2005)
• CD106 (alpha-4-beta-1 ligand, INCAM-110, inducible cellular adhesion molecule 110 kDa, VCAM-1, vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1) (Lisignoli et al, 2004; Rifas and Cheng, 2003; Fujii et al, 2003;Tanaka et al, 1995)
• CD141 (thrombomodulin, TM, THBD, THRM, Alpha-Thrombomodulin, Beta-Thrombomodulin, fetomodulin, FM) (Maillard et al, 1993)
• CD146 (A32, BT14, L101, gp130 antigen, MCAM, Melanoma cell adhesion molecule, MelCAM, melanoma adhesion molecule, MUC18, P1H12, S-endo 1, Gicerin, 1-gicerin, s-gicerin) (Paic et al, 2009)
• CD203c (97A6 antigen, B10, bovine intestinal phosphodiesterase, ENPP-1, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphatase 1, gp130RB13-6, Ly41, M6S1, membrane component chromosome 6 surface marker-1, NPP-3, nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 3, Pca-1, PD-1-beta, phosphodiesterase-1-beta, PDNP3, phosphodiesterase/nucleotide pyrophosphatase 3, tiptoe walking, ttw) (Paic et al, 2009)
• CD225 (fragilis2, IFI17, interferon-induced protein 17, IFITM1, interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1, 9-27, Interferon-inducible protein 9-27, Leu13, mil-2, mouse Ifitm like, Ifitm like) (Paic et al, 2009)
• CD317 (120G8 antigen, BST-2, bone marrow stromal cell antigen-2, PDCA-1, plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen-1) (Hurson et al, 2003)
• chitinase 3-like-1 (Connor et al, 2000)
• CLCF1 (cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor-1, NNT-1/BSF-3, Novel neurotrophin-1/B-cell stimulating factor-3, NNT-1, Novel neurotrophin-1, BSF-3, B-cell stimulating factor-3, CLC, cardiotrophin-like cytokine) (Hurson et al, 2003)
• collagen type 4 (COL4A1, collagen-4-alpha-1, collagen-4, Arresten, Canstatin, Tumstatin) (Paic et al, 2009)
• collagen type 14 (collagen-14, COL14A1, collagen-14-alpha-1, undulin) (Paic et al, 2009)
• collagen type 15 (Collagen-15, COL15A1, collagen-15-alpha-1, Restin, Restin-1, Restin-2, Restin-3, Restin-4) (Paic et al, 2009; Lisignoli et al, 2009)
• collagen type 18 (collagen-18, COL18A1, collagen-18-alpha-1, HIAF-1, human inhibitor angiogenesis factor-1, endostatin precursor) (Paic et al, 2009)
• CTGF (Connective tissue growth factor, Hcs24, hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product 24, Fisp-12, fibroblast inducible secreted protein-12, IGFBP8, Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-8, IGFBPrP2, Insulin-like growth factor binding protein related protein-2, Ecogenin, endochondral ossification genetic factor, CCN2) (Pereira et al, 2000; Parisi et al, 2006; Liu et al, 2009; Pagel et al, 2009; Thi et al, 2007)
•• CTGF (Connective tissue growth factor, Hcs24, hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product 24, Fisp-12, fibroblast inducible secreted protein-12, IGFBP8, Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-8, IGFBPrP2, Insulin-like growth factor binding protein related protein-2, Ecogenin, endochondral ossification genetic factor, CCN2) receptors (Nishida et al, 2000)
• CTGF-L (Kumar et al, 1999)
• CTRP5 (C1q/TNF-related protein 5, C1qTNF5, Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein 5, C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 5) (Paic et al, 2009)
• C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP, ANP-C, NPPC) (Suda et al, 1996)
•• C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP, ANP-C, NPPC) receptors (Suda et al, 1996; Inoue et al, 1999; Hagiwara et al, 1996)
• CXCL1 (CXC chemokine ligand 1, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, SCYB1, CINC-1, Cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1, fsp, fibroblast secretory protein, GRO1, GRO-alpha, KC, MGSA, melanoma growth stimulatory activity, MGSA-alpha, melanoma growth stimulatory activity-alpha, NAP-3, neutrophil-activating protein-3, N51) (Lisignoli et al, 2002; Lisignoli et al, 2004; Shen et al, 2005; Omari et al, 2005; Onan et al, 2009)
• CXCL2 (CXC chemokine ligand 2, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2, CINC-2-alpha, Cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant-2-alpha, GRO2, growth-related oncogene-2, GRO-beta, growth regulated oncogene-beta, MIP-2-alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein-2-alpha, MGSA-beta, melanoma growth stimulatory activity-beta, SCYB2) (Shen et al, 2005)
• CXCL5 (CXC chemokine ligand 5, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5, ENA-78, Epithelial neutrophil-activating protein 78, epithelial cell-derived neutrophil attractant-78, LIX, LPS induced CXC chemokine, AMCF-2, Alveolar macrophage chemotactic factor-2, SCYB5) (Ruddy et al, 2004; Shen et al, 2005)
• CXCL9 (CXC chemokine ligand 9, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9, mig, monokine induced by gamma-Interferon, Humig, Mumig, CRG-10, cytokine responsive gene-10, M119, SCYB9) (Lisignoli et al, 2004; Bandyopadhyay et al, 2006)
• CXCL10 (CXC chemokine ligand 10, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10, IP-10, INP-10, Interferon-inducible protein-10, IFN-inducible protein 10, immune protein-10; 10 kDa interferon-inducible protein, gamma-IP-10, CRG-2, cytokine responsive gene-2, C7, Ifi10, interferon-inducible-10, mob-1, SCYB10) (Gasper et al, 2002; Wright and Friedland, 2004; Omari et al, 2005; Bandyopadhyay et al, 2006)
• CXCL11 (CXC chemokine ligand 11, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11, H174, beta-R1, I-TAC, Interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant, IP-9, interferon-gamma-inducible protein-9, SCYB11, SCYB9B) (Lisignoli et al, 2004)
• CXCL13 (CXC chemokine ligand 13, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13, BLC, B-lymphocyte chemoattractant, BCA-1, B-cell attracting chemokine 1, blr-1L, blr-1 ligand, Angie-2, SCYB13) (Lisignoli et al, 2004)
• CXCL14 (CXC chemokine ligand 14, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 14, BMAC, B-cell and monocyte-activating chemokine, bolekine, BRAK, breast and kidney cell chemokine, KEC, kidney-expressed chemokine, KS1, MIP-2-gamma, macrophage inflammatory protein-2-gamma, NJAC, SCYB14) (Paic et al, 2009)
• CXCR3 (CXCR3A, CXC-Chemokine receptor 3, IP-10 receptor, Mig receptor, CKR-L2, GPR9, CD183) (Lisignoli et al, 2002, 2003)
• CXCR5 (MDR15, monocyte-derived receptor 15, blr-1, Burkitt lymphoma receptor-1, CD185) (Lisignoli et al, 2002)
• Cystatin C (CST3, Cystatin-3, Gamma-TRACE, post-gamma globulin) (Pardo et al, 2005; Raouf and Seth, 2002)

• Dad-1 (defender against apoptotic death; defender against cell death) (Xynos et al, 2001)
• DAN (differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma, NBL1, neuroblastoma, suppression of tumorigenicity-1, DAND1, DAN domain family member 1, NO3) (Leclerc et al, 2004; Hayashi et al, 2009)
• DcR2 (Bu et al, 2003)
• delta-1 (Pereira et al, 2002)
• Dickkopf-1 (dkk-1, dickkopf-related protein 1, Sk) (Ohnaka et al, 2005; Kulkarni et al, 2005; Hurson et al, 2003; Paic et al, 2009)
•• Dickkopf-1 (dkk-1, dickkopf-related protein 1, Sk) receptors (Qiang et al, 2008)
• dickkopf-2 (Li et al, 2005)
• dickkopf-2 (dickkopf-related protein 2, dkk-2) (Li et al, 2005)
• dickkopf-3 (dickkopf-related protein 3, dkk-3, REIC, reduced expression in cancer) (Paic et al, 2009)

•• EGF (epidermal growth factor, EGF-URO, HMGF, human milk growth factor, PGF, prostatic growth factor, beta-Urogastrone, URO, URG, Urogastrone, tooth-lid factor) receptors (erb, erbB1, HER1) (Akiyama et al, 1999; Chaudhary and Hruska, 2001; Ogata, 2003; Carpio et al, 2000)
• endothelin-1 (ET-1(1-21), ET-1) (Kitten and Andrews, 2001)
•• endothelin-1 (ET-1(1-21), ET-1) receptors (Tokuda et al, 2003; Wang et al, 2002; Kozawa et al, 2000; Kawamura et al, 1999; Kitten et al, 1997; Green et al, 1994; Paic et al, 2009)
• ephrin A1 (EFNA1, B61, EPLG1, EPH-related receptor tyrosine kinase ligand-1, Epl1, TNFAIP4, tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 4, TNF-alpha-induced protein 4, LERK1, Ligand of eph-related kinase-1) (Takahashi and Ikeda, 1995)
• ephrin B2 (EFNB2, HTK ligand, HTKL, EPLG5, EPH-related receptor tyrosine kinase ligand-5, LERK5, Ligand of eph-related kinase-5, NLERK1) (Hurson et al, 2003; Allan et al, 2008)
• Ephrin A5 (EFNA5, AL-1, RAGS, repulsive axon guidance signal, LERK7, Ligand of eph-related kinase-7, EPLG7, EPH-related receptor tyrosine kinase ligand-7) (Paic et al, 2009)
• Epiregulin (EREG, EPR) (Shen et al, 2005)

• Fetuin-A (FETUA, Fetuin, pp63, phosphorylated N-glycoprotein, 59 kDa bone sialoprotein, alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, AHSG, alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein, Countertrypin, Haemonectin) (Xie et al, 2005)
•• FGF-4 (fibroblast growth factor-4, K-FGF, Kaposi fibroblast growth factor, KS-FGF, Kaposi sarcoma FGF, KS protein, KS3, Kaposi sarcoma oncogene, eFGF, embryonic fibroblast growth factor, hst, hst-1, HBGF-4, heparin binding growth factor-4, HSTF-1, heparin binding secretory transforming factor-1) receptors (Bosetti et al, 2007)
•• FGF-6 (Fibroblast growth factor-6, HBGF-6, heparin binding growth factor-6, hst-2, hst-1-related) receptors (Bosetti et al, 2007)
•• FGF-8 (Fibroblast growth factor-8, AIGF, androgen induced growth factor) receptors (Lammi and Aarnisalo, 2008)
• FGF-9 (Fibroblast growth factor-9, HBGF-9, heparin binding growth factor-9, GAF, glia activating factor) (Hamamura et al, 2008)
•• FGF-9 (Fibroblast growth factor-9, HBGF-9, heparin binding growth factor-9, GAF, glia activating factor) receptors (Li et al, 2008; Fakhry et al, 2005)
• FGF-18 (Fibroblast growth factor-18) (Xiao et al, 2004)
• FGF-23 (Fibroblast growth factor-23) (Riminucci et al, 2003)
• FGFR2 (fibroblast growth factor receptor-2, TK-14, bek, bacterially expressed kinase, Cek3, chicken embryonic kinase 3, K-sam, KATO-III cell-derived stomach cancer amplified gene, KGF receptor, KGFR, CD332) (Teplyuk et al, 2009; Paic et al, 2009)
• FGFR3 (fibroblast growth factor receptor-3, Cek2, chicken embryonic kinase 2, flg-2, fms-like gene-2, JTK4, CD333) (Xiao et al, 2004; Teplyuk et al, 2009; Paic et al, 2009)
• Fibromodulin (FMOD, collagen binding 59 kDa protein) (Qian et al, 2004; Gori et al, 2001; Paic et al, 2009)
• fibronectin (FN, fibronectin-1, FN1, LETS, large external transformation-sensitive protein, Fibroblast surface antigen, SF antigen, SFA, CIg, CI globulin, cold-insoluble globulin, CSP, galactoprotein A, MSF, migration stimulating factor, Z protein) (Tang et al, 2007; Nishiguchi et al, 2007)
•• fibronectin (FN, fibronectin-1, FN1, LETS, large external transformation-sensitive protein, Fibroblast surface antigen, SF antigen, SFA, CIg, CI globulin, cold-insoluble globulin, CSP, galactoprotein A, MSF, migration stimulating factor, Z protein) receptors (Steffensen et al, 1992)
• Fibulin-1 (FBLN1, BM-90) (Paic et al, 2009)
• follistatin (FST, Follicle stimulating hormone suppressing protein, FSP, Activin-binding protein) (Leclerc et al, 2004; Hashimoto et al, 1992; Hurson et al, 2003; Hayashi et al, 2009)
• follistatin-like-1 (TSC-36, TGF-beta-stimulated clone-36, follistatin-related protein, FRP, follistatin-like, occ1, Flik, XFRP, Xenopus laevis follistatin-related protein) (Kahai et al, 2004)
• frizzled-1 (FzD1, Fz1) (Kulkarni et al, 2005; Hurson et al, 2003; Paic et al, 2009)
• frizzled-2 (FzD2, FzE2, Fz2) (Hurson et al, 2003)
• frizzled-7 (FzD7, Fz7, FzE3) (Hurson et al, 2003)
• F-spondin (SPON1, spondin-1, VSGP, Vascular smooth muscle cell growth-promoting factor) (Paic et al, 2009)

• galanin (GAL, GALN, GLNN) (Paic et al, 2009)
• Galectin-1 (Gal-1, LGALS1, galactose-specific soluble lectin 1, L-14-I, Lactose-binding lectin 1, S-Lac lectin 1, Galaptin) (Choi et al, 1998)
• Galectin-3 (Gal-3, LGALS3, galactose-specific soluble lectin 3, Mac-2, macrophage galactose-specific lectin-2, L-29, CBP-35, carbohydrate binding protein-35, IgE binding factor epsilon, Epsilon BP) (Aubin et al, 1996)
• gas-2 (Growth arrest-specific gene-2) (Kahai et al, 2004)
• G-CSF (Granulocyte colony stimulating factor, CSF-3, colony stimulating factor-3, CSF-beta, colony stimulating factor-beta, G-CSA, granulocytic neutrophil colony stimulating activity, Pluripoietin-beta) (Bost et al, 2000; Taichman and Emerson, 1994)
• GDNF (Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, B49-derived neurotrophic factor, Astrocyte-derived trophic factor, ATF, ATF-1, Astrocyte-derived trophic factor-1, ATF-2, Astrocyte-derived trophic factor-2) (Paic et al, 2009)
•• GDNF (Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, B49-derived neurotrophic factor, Astrocyte-derived trophic factor, ATF, ATF-1, Astrocyte-derived trophic factor-1, ATF-2, Astrocyte-derived trophic factor-2) receptors (Paic et al, 2009)
•• ghrelin (GHRL, MTLRP, motilin-related peptide, GHSR ligand, growth hormone secretagogue receptor ligand, GGDT, ghrelin gene-derived transcript) receptors (Maccarinelli et al, 2005)
• Glypican (glypican-1, GPC1, M12) (Teplyuk et al, 2009
• glypican-4 (GPC4, K-glypican) (Hurson et al, 2003)
• GM-CSF (Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, BPA, burst promoting activity, CSF-2, colony stimulating factor-2, GM-CSA, Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating activity, MGI-1GM, macrophage-granulocyte inducer, Pluripoietin-alpha) (Bost et al, 2000; Bruserud et al, 2004; Modrowski et al, 1997)
•• GM-CSF (Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, BPA, burst promoting activity, CSF-2, colony stimulating factor-2, GM-CSA, Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating activity, MGI-1GM, macrophage-granulocyte inducer, Pluripoietin-alpha) receptors (CD116) (Modrowski et al, 1997)
• gp130 (IL6ST, IL6 signal transducer, CD130) (Vermes et al, 2002)
• Gremlin (gremlin-1, GREM1, CKTSF1B1, DAND2, DAN domain family member 2, IHG-2, increased in high clucose-2, DRM, Downregulated by mos, PIG2, proliferation inducing gene-2) (Sutherland et al, 2004; Pereira et al, 2000)
• growth hormone (GH, Somatotropic hormone, Somatotropin, GH1, growth hormone 1, GHN, growth hormone normal) (Slootweg et al, 1996)
•• growth hormone (GH, Somatotropic hormone, Somatotropin, GH1, growth hormone 1, GHN, growth hormone normal) receptors (Langdahl et al, 1998; Leung et al, 1997; Slootweg et al, 1996; Melhus and Ljunghall, 1996; Morel et al, 1993; Chihara and Sugimoto, 1997; Li et al, 2001)

• hedgehog receptors (Mak et al, 2008)
• HGF (hepatocyte growth factor, HGF/SF, Hepatocyte growth factor-scatter factor, F-TCF, fibroblast tumor cytotoxic factor, HPTA, Hepatopoietin A, SF, scatter factor, TCF, tumor cytotoxic factor) (Blanquaert et al, 2000; Guevremont et al, 2003; Taichman et al, 2001)
•• HGF (hepatocyte growth factor, HGF/SF, Hepatocyte growth factor-scatter factor, F-TCF, fibroblast tumor cytotoxic factor, HPTA, Hepatopoietin A, SF, scatter factor, TCF, tumor cytotoxic factor) receptors (met) (Blanquaert et al, 2000; Hjertner et al, 1999; Zambonin et al, 2000; Grano et al, 1996)
• hevin (SC1, synaptic cleft-1, SPARC-like-1, SPARCL1, MAST9, RAGS1 antigen, radial glial stop signal molecule 1, ECM2, extracellular matrix protein 2) (Paic et al, 2009)
•• HGF-like protein (Hepatocyte growth factor-like protein, HLP, HGFL, HGFLP, Macrophage stimulating 1, MST1, MST1, MSP, macrophage stimulating protein) receptors (RON, STK, Fv2, Friend virus susceptibility 2) (Paic et al, 2009)
• hsp27 (hsp27a, hsp27b, hsp27c, heat shock protein 27, HSPB1, heat shock 27 kDa protein 1, estrogen-regulated protein 24K, p29 estrogen receptor-associated protein, estrogen receptor-related protein, GC1, germ cell-dependent phosphoprotein-1) (Kozawa et al, 2002; Tokuda et al, 2003, 2004; Yoshida et al, 2004; Kawamura et al, 1999; Minamitani et al, 2009)
• hsp47 (heat shock protein 47, RA-A47, Rheumatoid arthritis antigen A47, Colligin 2, J6, CBP2, Collagen-binding protein 2) (Kumei et al, 2003)
• hsp70 (heat shock protein 70) (Kumei et al, 2003)

• ID1 (Inhibitor of differentiation-1, Inhibitor of DNA binding-1, IDB1) (Hurson et al, 2003)
• ID2 (Inhibitor of differentiation-2, Inhibitor of DNA binding-2, IDB2) (Hurson et al, 2003)
• ID3 (Inhibitor of differentiation-3, Inhibitor of DNA binding-3, IDB3) (Hurson et al, 2003)
• ID4 (Inhibitor of DNA binding-4, inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation-4, IDB4) (Hurson et al, 2003; Kahai et al, 2004)
•• IFN-gamma (IFNG, interferon-gamma, Gamma-Interferon, gIFN) receptors (CD119, IFNGR1, AVP type 2, antiviral protein type 2, immune interferon receptor) (Lisignoli et al, 2004)
• IGF-1 (Insulin-like growth factor-1, Erythropoietic factor, mechano growth factor, MGF, ILGF1, somatomedin C, NSILA, non-suppressible insulin-like activity, Somatomedin A, Somatomedin C, sulfation factor) (Delany et al, 2001; Palermo et al, 2004; Zhang et al, 2004; Pepene et al, 2001; Tenorio et al, 1993; Nakasaki et al, 2008)
•• IGF-1 (Insulin-like growth factor-1, Erythropoietic factor, mechano growth factor, MGF, ILGF1, somatomedin C, NSILA, non-suppressible insulin-like activity, Somatomedin A, Somatomedin C, sulfation factor) receptors (IGF1R, CD221) (Cheng et al, 2002; Grey et al, 2003; Oritz et al, 2003; Pepene et al, 2001; Nakasaki et al, 2008)
• IGF-2 (Insulin-like growth factor-2, Growth-promoting activity for vascular endothelial cells, T3M-11-derived growth factor, ILGF2, MSA, multiplication stimulating activity, NSILA, non-suppressible insulin-like activity, Somatomedin A, sulfation factor, SGF, skeletal growth factor, HP1-SMP, HP3-SMP, Somatomedin/insulin-like growth factor-like polypeptides) (Conover and Khosla, 2003; Palermo et al, 2004; Pepene et al, 2001; Xynos et al, 2000; Gangji et al, 1998)
•• IGF-2 (Insulin-like growth factor-2, Growth-promoting activity for vascular endothelial cells, T3M-11-derived growth factor, ILGF2, MSA, multiplication stimulating activity, NSILA, non-suppressible insulin-like activity, Somatomedin A, sulfation factor, SGF, skeletal growth factor, HP1-SMP, HP3-SMP, Somatomedin/insulin-like growth factor-like polypeptides) receptors (IGF2R, CD222, mannose-6-phosphate receptor; MPR, CIM6PR, cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor, MPRI, MPR300) (Gronowicz et al, 2004; Oritz et al, 2003)
• IGFBP1 (Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, 34 k IGFBP, AFBP, amniotic fluid binding protein, Alpha-pregnancy-associated endometrial globulin, Binding protein-25, Binding protein-26, Binding protein-28, BP-34, BP-3A, endometrial protein 14, Growth hormone independent binding protein, IGF-BP25, PP12, placental protein 12, pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha-1-globulin) (Conover et al, 1996; Pereira and Canalis, 1999)
• IGFBP2 (Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2) (Conover and Khosla, 2003; Palermo et al, 2004)
• IGFBP3 (Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, BP-53, Growth hormone dependent binding protein, Binding protein-29) (Palermo et al, 2004; Pepene et al, 2001; Paic et al, 2009)
• IGFBP4 (Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4, Colon cancer cell growth inhibitor, HT29-IGFBP, HT29 insulin-like growth factor binding protein) (Bunn et al, 2004; Palermo et al, 2004; Oritz et al, 2003; Pepene et al, 2001; Paic et al, 2009)
• IGFBP5 (Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5) (Palermo et al, 2004; Ji et al, 1999; Boonyaratanakornkit et al, 1999; Pepene et al, 2001; Schmid et al, 1996)
• IGFBP6 (Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6) (Gabbitas and Canalis, 1997)
• IGFBP10 (Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-10, cyr-61, Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61, cysteine-rich 61, CCN1) (Schutze et al, 2005; Lechner et al, 2000; Hurson et al, 2003; Lee et al, 2009; Thi et al, 2007)
•• IGFBP10 (Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-10, cyr-61, Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61, cysteine-rich 61, CCN1) receptors (Schutze et al, 2005; Parisi et al, 2006)
• IGFBPrP10 (IGF binding protein related protein 10, KAZALD1, Kazal-type protease inhibitor domain-containing protein 1, Bono-1, bone- and odontoblast-expressed gene 1) (Shibata et al, 2004)
• IL1-alpha (IL1A, interleukin-1-alpha, BAF, B-cell activating factor, BCAF, B-cell activating factor, EP, endogenous pyrogens, LAF, lymphocyte activating factor, LEM, leukocyte endogenous mediator, MCF, mononuclear cell factor, MNCF, mononuclear cell factor, MP, mitogenic protein, TRF-3, T-cell replacing factor-3, Tumor inhibitory factor-2) (Cheung et al, 2003)
•• IL1-alpha (IL1A, interleukin-1-alpha, BAF, B-cell activating factor, BCAF, B-cell activating factor, EP, endogenous pyrogens, LAF, lymphocyte activating factor, LEM, leukocyte endogenous mediator, MCF, mononuclear cell factor, MNCF, mononuclear cell factor, MP, mitogenic protein, TRF-3, T-cell replacing factor-3, Tumor inhibitory factor-2) receptors (IL1R, IL1RA, IL1R1, IL1 receptor type 1, IL1RB, IL1R2, IL1 receptor type 2, CD121a, CD121b) (Tanabe et al, 2004; Varghese and Canalis, 2003; Zini et al, 2003; Yang et al, 2005)
• IL1-beta (IL1B, interleukin-1-beta, Catabolin, H1, Hematopoietin-1, IFN-beta inducing factor, Interleukin-beta, OAF, osteoclast activating factor) (Bruserud et al, 2004; Park et al, 2004; Cheung et al, 2003; Walsh et al, 2000)
•• IL1-beta (IL1B, interleukin-1-beta, Catabolin, H1, Hematopoietin-1, IFN-beta inducing factor, Interleukin-beta, OAF, osteoclast activating factor) receptors (IL1R, IL1RA, IL1R1, IL1 receptor type 1, IL1RB, IL1R2, IL1 receptor type 2, CD121a, CD121b) (CD121a) (Lisignoli et al, 2004; Conover et al, 2004; Tanaka et al, 2000)
•• IL1 (interleukin-1) receptors (IL1R, IL1RA, IL1R1, IL1 receptor type 1, IL1RB, IL1R2, IL1 receptor type 2, CD121a, CD121b) (Sobue et al, 2001)
• IL3 (Interleukin-3, 20-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inducing factor, BPA, burst promoting activity, CFU-S, colony-forming unit spleen, CSF-2-alpha, colony stimulating factor-2-alpha, CSF-2-beta, colony stimulating factor-2-beta, ECSF, erythroid colony stimulating factor, Eo-CSF, eosinophil colony stimulating factor, HCGF, Hematopoietic cell growth factor, HP2, Hematopoietin-2, HPGF, hematopoietic cell growth factor, MCGF, mast cell growth factor, MCSA, multi-colony stimulating activity, MEG-CSF, megakaryocyte colony stimulating factor, MGF, mast cell growth factor, Mixed colony stimulating factor, Multi-CSF, Multi-colony stimulating factor, multi-HGF, multilineage hemopoietic growth factor, Multipoietin, NC cell growth factor, natural cytotoxic cell growth factor, Neutrophil-granulocyte colony stimulating factor, PSF, progenitor stimulating factor, PSH, panspecific hemopoietin, SAF, stem cell activating factor, Thy1 inducing factor) (Bost et al, 2000; Walsh et al, 2000)
•• IL4 (Interleukin-4, BCDF-epsilon, B-cell differentiation factor-epsilon, BCDF-gamma, B-cell differentiation factor-gamma, BCGF-gamma, B-cell growth factor-gamma, BCGF-1, B-cell growth factor-1, Binetrakin, BSF-1, B-cell stimulating factor-1, BSF-p1, B-cell stimulating factor p1, EL4-BCGF, EL4 B-cell growth factor, HCGF, Hodgkin's cell growth factor, IgE-EF, IgE enhancing factor, IgG1-enhancing factor, IgG1-induction factor, LMW-BCGF, low molecular weight B-cell growth factor, MaGEF, Mast cell growth enhancing factor, MCGF-2, mast cell growth factor-2, MFF, macrophage fusion factor, Pitrakinra, TCGF-2, T-cell growth factor-2) receptors (CD124) (Frost et al, 2001; Wright and Friedland, 2004; Conover et al, 2004; Onoe et al, 1996; Lind et al, 1995)
• IL6 (interleukin-6, 26 kDa protein, BSF-2, B-cell stimulating factor-2, CDF, CAT development factor, choline acetyltransferase development factor, Cytolytic differentiation factor for T-lymphocytes, FDGI, fibroblast-derived growth inhibitor, HGF, hybridoma growth factor, HPGF, hybridoma/plasmacytoma growth factor, HSF, hepatocyte stimulating factor, HSF-1, hepatocyte stimulating factor-1, ILHP1, Interleukin-hemopoietin-1, MGI-2A, Macrophage-granulocyte inducer-2A, Myeloma GF, myeloma growth factor, NKAF, natural killer cell activating factor, TAF, T-cell activating factor, Thymocyte growth factor, TSF, thymocyte stimulating factor) (Cheung et al, 2003; Ihara et al, 2005; Lavigne et al, 2004; Lu et al, 2005; Marriott et al, 2004; Tokuda et al, 2004; Viereck et al, 2003; Engel et al, 2003; Li et al, 2003; Pelt et al, 2002; Franchimont et al, 1997, 2000; Frost et al, 2001; Kozawa et al, 2002; Walsh et al, 2000; Shen et al, 2005; Tokuda et al, 2008; Hurson et al, 2007; Takai et al, 2008; Persson et al, 2005; Pagel et al, 2009)
•• IL6 (interleukin-6, 26 kDa protein, BSF-2, B-cell stimulating factor-2, CDF, CAT development factor, choline acetyltransferase development factor, Cytolytic differentiation factor for T-lymphocytes, FDGI, fibroblast-derived growth inhibitor, HGF, hybridoma growth factor, HPGF, hybridoma/plasmacytoma growth factor, HSF, hepatocyte stimulating factor, HSF-1, hepatocyte stimulating factor-1, ILHP1, Interleukin-hemopoietin-1, MGI-2A, Macrophage-granulocyte inducer-2A, Myeloma GF, myeloma growth factor, NKAF, natural killer cell activating factor, TAF, T-cell activating factor, Thymocyte growth factor, TSF, thymocyte stimulating factor) receptors (CD126) (Guillen et al, 2004; Franchimont et al, 1997; Vermes et al, 2002)
• IL8 (interleukin-8, SCYB8, 3-10C, 9E3, ANAP, anionic neutrophil-activating peptide, Chemotaxin, CEF-4, CT/IL8, CXCL8, CXC chemokine ligand 8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8, EDNAP, endothelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, EMF-1, embryo fibroblast protein 1, Emoctakin, ENAP, Endothelial cell neutrophil-activating peptide, FDNAP, Fibroblast-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, FINAP, fibroblast-derived neutrophil-activating protein, GCF, granulocyte chemotactic factor, GCP, granulocyte chemotactic peptide, LAI, leukocyte adhesion inhibitor, LCF, lymphocyte chemotactic factors, LDNAP, leukocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, LIF, leukocyte inhibitory factor, LUCT, lung carcinoma-derived chemotaxin, LYNAP, lymphocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, MDNAP, monocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, MDNCF, monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor, MOC, monocyte-derived chemotaxin, MONAP, monocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, NAF, neutrophil-activating factor, NAP-1, neutrophil-activating protein-1, NCF, neutrophil chemotactic factor, NCP, neutrophil chemotactic protein, PLF, psoriatic leukotactic factor, TCF, T-cell chemotactic factor, TSG-1, Tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene sequence-1) (Doan et al, 1999; Yang et al, 2003; Lisignoli et al, 2002; Fritz et al, 2002; Walsh et al, 2000; Omari et al, 2005; Wright and Friedland, 2004; Queally et al, 2009)
•• IL10 (interleukin-10, B-TCGF, B-cell derived T-cell growth factor, CSIF, cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor, TGIF, T-cell growth inhibitory factor) receptors (Garcia-Lopez et al, 2005; Wright and Friedland, 2004)
• IL11 (Interleukin-11, AGIF, adipogenesis inhibitory factor, HPAEC survival factor, human pulmonary artery endothelial cell-derived survival factor, Megakaryocyte colony stimulating factor, Plasmacytoma stimulatory activity, T1154 mitogenic activity, Oprelvekin, Neumega) (Engel et al, 2003; Kondo et al, 2001; Lisignoli et al, 2000; Hjertner et al, 1999; Romas et al, 1996)
•• IL11 (Interleukin-11, AGIF, adipogenesis inhibitory factor, HPAEC survival factor, human pulmonary artery endothelial cell-derived survival factor, Megakaryocyte colony stimulating factor, Plasmacytoma stimulatory activity, T1154 mitogenic activity, Oprelvekin, Neumega) receptors (Romas et al, 1996; Hill et al, 1998; Paic et al, 2009)
• IL12 (IL12A, IL12-alpha IL12B, IL12-beta, IL12-p35, IL12-p40, IL12-p70, Interleukin-12, Interleukin-12A, Interleukin-12B, CLMF, cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor, NKSF, natural killer cell stimulatory factor, NKSF1, natural killer cell stimulatory factor-1, NKSF2, natural killer cell stimulatory factor-2, TcMF, CTL maturation factor, TSF, T-cell stimulating factor) (Garcia-Lopez et al, 2005; Bost et al, 1999)
•• IL13 (Interleukin-13, NC30, P600) receptors (Frost et al, 2001; Onoe et al, 1996; Lind et al, 1995; Rifas and Cheng, 2003; Wright and Friedland, 2004)
•• IL17 (Interleukin-17, IL17A, interleukin-17A) receptors (Ruddy et al, 2004; Shen et al, 2005; Tokuda et al, 2004)
• IL18 (interleukin-18, IGIF, IFN-gamma inducing factor, IL1-gamma, IL1F4, IL1 family member 4, Iboctadekin) (Udagawa et al, 1997; Paic et al, 2009)
•• IL23 (interleukin-23, IL12B, IL12-p40, IL23-p40, p19, IL23-p19, IL23A, SGRF, IL6 G-CSF related factor) receptors (Kamiya et al, 2007)
•• IL27 (interleukin-27, EBI-3, EBV induced gene-3, IL27B, p28, IL27p28, IL30, interleukin-30) receptors (WSX-1, T-cell cytokine receptor, TCCR) (Kamiya et al, 2007)
• IL33 (interleukin-33, NFHEV, nuclear factor from high endothelial venules, C9orf26, chromosome 9 open reading frame 26) (Paic et al, 2009)
• Indian hedgehog (Ihh) (Murakami et al, 1997)
•• insulin receptors (CD220, INSR) (Conover et al, 1996; Kunkler et al, 1991; Levy et al, 1986; Martineau-Doizé et al, 1986, Pun et al, 1989; Qutob et al, 1998; Thomas et al, 1998)
• integrin-alpha-7 (Paic et al, 2009)

• jagged-1 (JAG1, jagged, Serrate-1) (Pereira et al, 2002)
• JAM2 (Junctional adhesion molecule 2, VEJAM, vascular endothelial junctional adhesion molecule, JAM-B, Junctional adhesion molecule B) (Paic et al, 2009)
Keratocan (Paic et al, 2009)

•• lactoferrin (LF, Lactotransferrin, LTF) receptors (Grey et al, 2004; Naot et al, 2005)
• LBP (LPS binding protein) (Paic et al, 2009)
• Leptin (ob, ob/ob, obese protein, obesity factor) (Reseland et al, 2001)
•• Leptin (ob, ob/ob, obese protein, obesity factor) receptors (OBR, CD295, db, db/db, fatty, fa, fa/fa) (Iwamoto et al, 2004; Lee et al, 2002; Reseland et al, 2001; Lamghari et al, 2006; Hurson et al, 2007)
• LIF (ABAE cell growth-inhibitory activity; CDF, cholinergic differentiation factor, CNDF, cholinergic neuronal differentiation factor, D-Factor, differentiation stimulating factor, DIA, differentiation inhibiting activity, DIF, differentiation inducing factor, DRF, Differentiation-retarding factor, ES cell growth factor, ESCGF, embryonic stem cell growth factor, GATS, growth stimulatory activity for TS1 cells, HILDA, human interleukin for Da cells, HSF-2, hepatocyte stimulating factor-2, HSF-3, hepatocyte stimulating factor-3, Lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, M1 differentiation inducing activity, MCGEF, mast cell growth-enhancing factor, MLPLI, melanoma-derived lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, OAF, osteoclast activating factor) (Lisignoli et al, 2000; Pollock et al, 1996; Greenfield et al, 1996; Hurson et al, 2007; Grimaud et al, 2002; Allan et al, 1990)
•• LIF (ABAE cell growth-inhibitory activity; CDF, cholinergic differentiation factor, CNDF, cholinergic neuronal differentiation factor, D-Factor, differentiation stimulating factor, DIA, differentiation inhibiting activity, DIF, differentiation inducing factor, DRF, Differentiation-retarding factor, ES cell growth factor, ESCGF, embryonic stem cell growth factor, GATS, growth stimulatory activity for TS1 cells, HILDA, human interleukin for Da cells, HSF-2, hepatocyte stimulating factor-2, HSF-3, hepatocyte stimulating factor-3, Lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, M1 differentiation inducing activity, MCGEF, mast cell growth-enhancing factor, MLPLI, melanoma-derived lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, OAF, osteoclast activating factor) receptors (CD118) (Kozawa et al, 2002; Varghese et al, 1999; Cornish et al, 1997; Lowe et al, 1995; Allan et al, 1990; Allan et al, 1990; Chandrasekhar and Harvey, 1996)
• LMO2 (LIM domain only-2, Rhombotin-2, Rhombotin-like-1, TTG2, T-cell translocation gene 2) (Hurson et al, 2003)
• LRP5 (low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5, LDL receptor-related protein 5, LRP7, LDL receptor-related protein 7, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 7, LR3) (Kulkarni et al, 2005; Gong et al, 2001; Kato et al, 2002)
• LRP6 (low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6, LDL receptor-related protein 6, ringelschwanz, rs, crooked tail, Cd) (Kulkarni et al, 2005)
• Lubricin (Lubricating glycoprotein-1, LGP-1, Proteoglycan-4, PRG-4, MSF, megakaryocyte stimulating factor, hemangiopoietin, HAPO, PSLF, purified synovial lubricating factor, superficial zone proteoglycan, SZP, superficial zone protein, camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis, CACP, DOL54, downstream of the liposarcoma-associated fusion oncoprotein 54) (Paic et al, 2009)
• Lumican (LUM, LCN, LDC, corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan 37B core protein) (Raouf and Seth, 2002; Raouf et al, 2002; Lallier et al, 2005)

• Mcl-1 (myeloid cell factor-1, myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1, BCL2L3) (Hurson et al, 2003)
• M-CSF (macrophage colony stimulating factor, CSF-1, colony stimulating factor-1, CSF-HU, Urinary colony stimulating factor, MGF, macrophage growth factor, MGI-1M, macrophage-granulocyte inducer, op, osteopetrotic, toothless, tl, Lanimostim) (Bost et al, 2000; Kaplan et al, 1996; Lavigne et al, 2004; Pioletti and Kottelat, 2004; Felix et al, 1996; Yao et al, 2000; Nishiguchi et al, 2007; Kreja et al, 2008; Cadosch et al, 2009)
•• M-CSF (macrophage colony stimulating factor, CSF-1, colony stimulating factor-1, CSF-HU, Urinary colony stimulating factor, MGF, macrophage growth factor, MGI-1M, macrophage-granulocyte inducer, op, osteopetrotic, toothless, tl, Lanimostim) receptors (Paic et al, 2009)
• MDA-BF-1 (soluble erbB3) (Vakar-Lopez et al, 2004)
• MFG-E8 (Milk fat globule epidermal growth factor-8, Lactadherin, BA46, GP55, Component 15/16, MGP57/53, medin, FDC-M1, SED1, secreted EGF repeat and discoidin domains containing protein 1) (Han et al, 2002)
• MIC1 (macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1, GDF15, growth/differentiation factor-15, PL74, PTGF-beta, Placental Transforming Growth Factor-beta, PDF, prostate-derived factor, PLAB, Placental bone morphogenetic protein, NAG-1, NSAID activated gene-1) (Ichikawa et al, 2007)
• MIF (MMIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, GIF, glycosylation inhibiting factor, phenylpyruvate tautomerase, PPT, EC5.3.2.1, phenylpyruvate keto-enol isomerase) (Onodera et al, 2000)
•• MIF (MMIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, GIF, glycosylation inhibiting factor, phenylpyruvate tautomerase, PPT, EC5.3.2.1, phenylpyruvate keto-enol isomerase) receptors (Onodera et al, 2002)
• MMP-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1, collagenase, collagenase-1, CL-1, CLG1, fibroblast collagenase, fibroblast-type collagenase, interstitial collagenase, tissue collagenase, EC3.4.23.7) (Forbes et al, 2003; Kim et al, 2005; Bord et al, 1996, 1999; Palosaari et al, 2003; Haeusler et al, 2005; Gack et al, 1995; Hecht et al, 2007; Katono et al, 2009)
• MMP-2 (matrix metalloproteinase-2, EC3.4.24.24, 70 kDa gelatinase, 72 kDa gelatinase, 72 kDa metalloproteinase, collagenase type 4, collagenase type 4A, 72 kDa type IV collagenase, Gelatinase 72 kDa, Gelatinase A, Type IV collagenase, Type IVA collagenase, neutrophil gelatinase) (Becker et al, 2002; Forbes et al, 2003; Hatori et al, 2004; Pelt et al, 2002; Zhang and Zhong, 2002; Uchida et al, 2000; Palosaari et al, 2003; Maruya et al, 2003; Xynos et al, 2001; Katono et al, 2009)
• MMP-3 (matrix metalloproteinase-3, stromelysin-1, STMY1, STR1, SL-1, transin, transin-1, collagenase activating protein, procollagenase activator, proteoglycanase) (Uchida et al, 2000; Katono et al, 2009)
• MMP-7 (matrix metalloproteinase-7, matrilysin, Matrilysin-1, PUMP, punctuated metalloproteinase, pump-1, putative metalloproteinase-1, matrin, EC3.4.24.23) (Palosaari et al, 2003)
• MMP-8 (matrix metalloproteinase-8, neutrophil collagenase, PMNL collagenase, polymorphonuclear leukocyte collagenase, collagenase-2, CLG2, CL-2) (Hatori et al, 2004; Li et al, 2004; Palosaari et al, 2003; Tsubota et al, 2002; Maruya et al, 2003)
• MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9, EC3.4.24.35, gelatinase B, 92 kDa gelatinase, 92 kDa type IV collagenase, or PMNL gelatinase, polymorphonuclear leukocyte gelatinase, gelatinase type IV-B, collagenase type 5, collagenase-5, CL-5) (Onodera et al, 2002; Pelt et al, 2002; Thunyakitpisal and Chaisuparat, 2004; Uchida et al, 2000; McClelland et al, 1998; Palosaari et al, 2003; Haeusler et al, 2005; Paic et al, 2009)
• MMP-10 (matrix metalloproteinase-10, stromelysin-2, STMY2, SL-2, ST-2, transin-2, EC3.4.24.22) (Palosaari et al, 2003; Haeusler et al, 2005; Han et al, 2002; Bord et al, 1999)
• MMP-11 (matrix metalloproteinase-11, stromelysin-3, STMY3, SL-3, ST-3) (Delany and Canalis, 1998, 2001; Uchida et al, 2000; Palosaari et al, 2003; Haeusler et al, 2005)
• MMP-13 (matrix metalloproteinase-13, Collagenase-3, CLG3, CL-3) (Onodera et al, 2002; Cheung et al, 2005; Johansson et al, 1997; Leclerc et al, 2004; Li et al, 2004; Varghese et al, 1999; Varghese et al, 2005; Varghese and Canalis, 2001, 2003; Uchida et al, 2000; Shen et al, 2005; Palosaari et al, 2003; Haeusler et al, 2005; Chiu et al, 2007; Charoonpatrapong-Panyayong et al, 2007; Zaragoza et al, 2006; Uusitalo et al, 2000; Varga et al, 2009)
• MMP-14 (matrix metalloproteinase-14, MT1-MMP, Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1, MT-MMP-1, MMP-X1) (Guo et al, 2004; Karsdal et al, 2002; Uchida et al, 2000; Palosaari et al, 2003)
• MMP-15 (matrix metalloproteinase-15, MT2-MMP, Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-2, MT-MMP-2) (Palosaari et al, 2003)
• MMP-16 (matrix metalloproteinase-16, MT3-MMP, Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-3, MT-MMP-3) (Palosaari et al, 2003)
• MMP-17 (matrix metalloproteinase-17, MT4-MMP, Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-4, MT-MMP-4) (Palosaari et al, 2003)
• MMP-19 (matrix metalloproteinase-19, RASI-1, rheumatoid arthritis synovium inflamed-1) (Palosaari et al, 2003)
• MMP-20 (matrix metalloproteinase-20, enamelysin) (Palosaari et al, 2003)
• MMP-23 (matrix metalloproteinase-23, CA-MMP, Cysteine array matrix metalloproteinase) (Clancy et al, 2003; Palosaari et al, 2003; Paic et al, 2009)
• MMP-24 (matrix metalloproteinase-24, MT5-MMP, Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-5, MT-MMP-5) (Palosaari et al, 2003)
• MMP-25 (matrix metalloproteinase-25, Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-6, MT6-MMP, MT-MMP-6, leukolysin) (Palosaari et al, 2003)
• MyD88 (Yang et al, 2005)

• netrin-1 (NTN1, NTN1L, netrin-1 like) (Togari et al, 2000)
• netrin-2 like (Togari et al, 2000)
• neuropeptide Y (NPY, Y Neuropeptide) (Paic et al, 2009)
•• neuropeptide Y (NPY, Y Neuropeptide) receptors (Togari et al, 1997)
• neuropilin-1 (Neuropilin, NPN-1, NP-1, NRP1, A5-antigen, BDCA4, Blood dendritic cell antigen 4, VEGF-165R, CD304) (Harper et al, 2001; Mayr-Wohlfart et al, 2002; Gomez et al, 2005; Thi et al, 2007; Bluteau et al, 2006)
• Nexin-1 (PN-1-alpha, Glial-derived neurite promoting factor, GdNPF, Glia-derived nexin, GDN, NPF, neurite-promoting factor, Serpin E2) (Tumber et al, 2003; Allan and Martin, 1995)
• neuropilin-2 (NPN-2, NP-2, NRP2) (Mayr-Wohlfart et al, 2002)
• NGF (nerve growth factor, 7S NGF, 7S nerve growth factor, NGF-alpha, Nerve growth factor-alpha, kallikrein Klk1b4, Klk1b4, NGF-beta, NGFB, Nerve growth factor-beta, NGFG, NGF-gamma, Nerve growth factor-gamma, kallikrein Klk1b3, Klk1b3) (Pinski et al, 2002; Veenstra et al, 1998)
• NGF-beta (nerve growth factor-beta, NGFB) (Hurson et al, 2007)
• noggin (NOG) (Sutherland et al, 2004; Gazzerro et al, 1998; Fakhry et al, 2005)
• Notch-1 (Notch, TAN-1, translocation-associated notch homolog-1) (Pereira et al, 2002; Schnabel et al, 2002; Paic et al, 2009)
• Notch-2 (Pereira et al, 2002; Schnabel et al, 2002; Hurson et al, 2003)
• Notch-3 (CADASIL, cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy) (Paic et al, 2009)
• Notch-4 (int-3) (Schnabel et al, 2002)
• nov (nephroblastoma overexpressed gene, novH, CCN3, IGFBPrP3, Insulin-like growth factor binding protein related protein-3, IGFBP9, Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-9) (Parisi et al, 2006)
• nucleobindin (nucleobindin-1, NUC, NUCB1, CALNUC) (Petersson et al, 2004)
• Nurr-1 (nuclear receptor-related factor 1) (Lammi et al, 2004)

• OCIL (Osteoclast inhibitory lectin, CLEC2D, C-type lectin domain family 2 member D, CLR-b, C-type lectin-related molecule-b, LLT1, lectin-like transcript 1) (Kreja et al, 2008; Zhou et al, 2001, 2002)
• OCILRP1 (Osteoclast inhibitory lectin-related protein 1, CLEC2G, C-type lectin domain family 2 member G) (Zhou et al, 2002)
• OCILRP2 (Osteoclast inhibitory lectin-related protein 2, CLEC2I, C-type lectin domain family 2 member I, CLR-g, C-type lectin-related molecule-g) (Zhou et al, 2002)
• OGP receptors (Bab et al, 1999)
• OIP-1 (osteoclast inhibitory peptide-1, TSA-1, thymic shared antigen-1, Sca-2, stem cell antigen-2, 9804, RIG-E, retinoic acid induced E, LY6E, lymphocyte antigen 6E, lymphocyte antigen 67, Ly67) (Koide et al, 2003)

• Oncostatin M (OSM, OM, Onco M, OnM) (Lisignoli et al, 2000)
•• Oncostatin M (OSM, OM, Onco M, OnM) receptors (Lin et al, 2004; Varghese et al, 1999; Jay et al, 1996)
• OSCAR (osteoclast-associated receptor, osteoclast-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor) (Paic et al, 2009)
• Osteoactivin (HGFIN, hematopoietic growth factor inducible neurokinin-1 type, GPNMB, nmb, DC-HIL, dendritic cell-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycan-integrin ligand) (Safadi et al, 2001)
• osteoadherin (OSAD, osteomodulin, OMD) (Wendel et al, 1998; Rehn et al, 2008)
• osteocalcin (OC, OCN, BGLAP, bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein, BGP, Bone Gla protein, Gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein) (Ducy and Karsenty, 1995; Kerner et al, 1986; Makita et al, 2008; Yu et al, 2008; Leclerc et al, 2005; Kamiya and Takagi, 2001; Yanai et al, 2001; Tuckermann et al, 2000 Neugebauer et al, 1995; Oliva et al, 1993; Li et al, 2001; Maruya et al, 2003; Rehn et al, 2008; Viereck et al, 2002; Varga et al, 2009; Vincent et al, 2009)
• Osteocrin (OSTN, musclin) (Bord et al, 2005)
• osteoglycin (OGN, OIF, osteoinductive factor, KSPG25, Mimecan) (Hamajima et al, 2003; Xie et al, 2004; Rehn et al, 2008; Paic et al, 2009)
• osteopontin (OPN, OP, Osp, 2ar, 44 kDa bone phosphoprotein, 66 kDa bone phosphoprotein, bone sialoprotein, bone sialoprotein-1, BSP, BSP1, BSPI, Calcium oxalate crystal growth inhibitor protein, Eta-1, early T-lymphocyte activation protein 1, Nephropontin, Spp-1, Secreted Phosphoprotein-1, transformation-related phosphoprotein, tumor-secreted phosphoprotein, urinary stone protein, Uropontin) (Becker et al, 2002; Carvalho et al, 2003; Hatori et al, 2004; Lammi et al, 2004; Lim et al, 2005; Morinobu et al, 2003; Sodek et al, 1995; Li et al, 2001; Rehn et al, 2008; Kusumi et al, 2009)
• osteoprotegerin (OPG, FDCR-1, FDC-derived receptor-1, OCIF, osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor, OCIF/OPG, OPG/OCIF, TNFRSF11B, TNF receptor superfamily member 11B, TR1, TNF receptor-like-1) (Atkins et al, 2002; Bu et al, 2003; Gallant et al, 2005; Notoya et al, 2004; Subramanian et al, 2005; Cheung et al, 2003; Viereck et al, 2003; Tanaka et al, 2000; Qiang et al, 2008; Kreja et al, 2008; Wang et al, 2006; Lamghari et al, 2006; Tang et al, 2006; Choi et al, 2005; Kusumi et al, 2009; Bluteau et al, 2006)
•• Oxytocin (OT, OXT) receptors (Copland et al, 1999)

• PAI-1 (Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, PAI, plasminogen activator inhibitor, endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor, Serpin E1, MSF, monocyte suppressor factor, EIP-1, EGF-inducible protein 1, mesosecrin) (Yeh et al, 2001; Tumber et al, 2003; Allan and Martin, 1995; Katono et al, 2009)
• PAI-2 (Plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, placental plasminogen activator inhibitor, epidermal plasminogen activator inhibitor, monocyte-derived plasminogen activator inhibitor, Monocyte Arg-serpin, PLANH2, urokinase inhibitor, PP10, placental protein 10, Serpin B2) (Tumber et al, 2003; Allan and Martin, 1995)
• PAPP-A (pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, Pappalysin-1, IGFBP4 protease) (Oritz et al, 2003; Bunn et al, 2004; Conover et al, 2004; Lawrence et al, 1999l Qin et al, 1999)
• PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor, PDGF-1, PDGF-2, PDGF-A, PDGF-AA, PDGF-B, PDGF-BB, FDGF, fibroblast-derived growth factor, GDGF, glioma-derived growth factor-1, GDGF-2, glioma-derived growth factor-2, GSM, Glucocorticoid-suppressible mitogenic activity, MDF, mesangial cell proliferating factor, MDGF, monocyte-derived growth factor, OBIF, osteoblastogenesis inhibitory factor, ODGF, osteosarcoma-derived growth factor, T47D factor) (Tatsuyama et al, 2000; Yang et al, 2000; Thi et al, 2007)
•• PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor, PDGF-1, PDGF-2, PDGF-A, PDGF-AA, PDGF-B, PDGF-BB, FDGF, fibroblast-derived growth factor, GDGF, glioma-derived growth factor-1, GDGF-2, glioma-derived growth factor-2, GSM, Glucocorticoid-suppressible mitogenic activity, MDF, mesangial cell proliferating factor, MDGF, monocyte-derived growth factor, OBIF, osteoblastogenesis inhibitory factor, ODGF, osteosarcoma-derived growth factor, T47D factor) receptors (Akiyama et al, 1999; Blanquaert et al, 2000; Chaudhary and Hruska, 2001; Chandrasekhar and Harvey, 1996; Chen et al, 2000; Mehrotra et al, 2005; Yang et al, 2000; Rydziel et al, 2000; Franchimont et al, 1999; Yeh et al, 1993; Gilardetti et al, 1991; Sanchez-Fernandez et al, 2008; Takai et al, 2008)
• PEDF (pigment epithelium-derived factor, EPC-1, early population doubling level cDNA, Caspin, SDF-3, Stromal cell-derived factor-3, Serpin F1) (Quan et al, 2005; Tombran-Tink and Barnstable, 2004)
• periostin (POSTN, OSF-2, osteoblast-specific factor-2, periostin-like factor, PLF) (Lindner et al, 2005; Han et al, 2002; Zhu et al, 2009; Rani et al, 2009; Paic et al, 2009)
• PICP (procollagen 1 C-terminal peptide) (Palmieri et al, 2000)
• pleiotrophin (PTN, HARP, heparin affin regulatory peptide, HBBM, heparin binding brain mitogen, HB-GAF, heparin binding growth-associated factor, HB-GAM, heparin binding growth-associated molecule, HBGF-8, heparin binding growth factor-8, HBNF, heparin binding neurotrophic factor, NEGF-1, neurite growth-promoting factor-1, OSF-1, osteoblast-specific factor-1) (Kahai et al, 2004; Paic et al, 2009)
• plexin-A1 (PLXNA1, Plexin-1, NOV) (Gomez et al, 2005)
• plexin-A2 (PLXNA2, Plexin-2, OCT) (Gomez et al, 2005)
• Plexin-B1 (PLXNB1, Plexin-5, SEP, Semaphorin 4D receptor, CD100 receptor) (Lallier et al, 2004)
• plexin-C1 (PLXNC1, VESPR, virus-encoded semaphorin protein receptor, CD232) (Lallier et al, 2004)
• podoplanin (PDPN, T1A, T1A2, T1-alpha, gp36, gp40, RTI40, gp38, OTS8, E11 antigen, AGGRUS, RANDAM-2, PA2.26) (Witterwald et al, 1996; Schacht et al, 2005; Paic et al, 2009)
• Pref-1 (pre-adipocyte factor-1, stromal cell protein-1, SCP-1, Fetal antigen-1, FA-1, pG2, delta-like, dlk, dlk-1) (Paic et al, 2009)
• PRELP (proline/arginine-rich end leucine-rich repeat protein, prolargin) (Paic et al, 2009)
•• preptin receptors (Cornish et al, 2007; Liu et al, 2009)
• proenkephalin (Rosen et al, 1995)
• Protein S (PROS1, PSA, PS-alpha, protein S-alpha, PSB, PS-beta, protein S-beta, Vitamin K-dependent protein S) (Maillard et al, 1992)
• PTHrP (parathyroid hormone-like related protein, PTH-related protein, parathyroid hormone-related protein, PTHR, PTH-related peptide, Parathyroid hormone-related peptide, parathyroid hormone-like hormone, PTHLH) (Guillen et al, 2004; Esbrit et al, 2000; Walsh et al, 1997; Mak et al, 2008)
•• PTHrP (parathyroid hormone-like related protein, PTH-related protein, parathyroid hormone-related protein, PTHR, PTH-related peptide, Parathyroid hormone-related peptide, parathyroid hormone-like hormone, PTHLH) receptors (Chen et al, 2004; Nervina et al, 2003; Calvi et al, 2001; Esbrit et al, 2000; Tsuda-Futami et al, 1998; Lomri et al, 1997; Pollock et al, 1996; Fermor and Skerry, 1995; Allan et al, 2008; Onan et al, 2009; Bluteau et al, 2006; Miles et al, 2000)

• RANK (receptor activator of NF-kappa-B, TNF receptor superfamily member 11A, TNFRSF11A, ODAR, osteoclast differentiation and activation receptor, ODFR, Osteoclast differentiation factor receptor, TRANCER, PDB2, CD265) (Rifas et al, 2003; Yang et al, 2005)
• RANKL (RANK ligand, receptor activator of NF-kappa-B ligand, ODF, Osteoclast differentiation factor, OPGL, Osteoprotegerin ligand, SOFA, Stromal osteoclast-forming activity, TRANCE, tumor necrosis factor-related activation induced cytokine, TNFSF11, TNF ligand superfamily member 11) (Bu et al, 2003; Gallant et al, 2005; Bai et al, 2005; Mehrotra et al, 2006; Notoya et al, 2004; Guo et al, 2004; Subramanian et al, 2005; Cheung et al, 2003; Nakayamada et al, 2003; Deyama et al, 2002; Rifas et al, 2003; Kikuchi et al, 2001; Chesneau et al, 2003; Takami et al, 2005; Nishiguchi et al, 2007; Qiang et al, 2008; Mak et al, 2008; Inada et al, 2008; Lavigne et al, 2004; Somayaji et al, 2008; Kreja et al, 2008; Brechter and Lerner, 2007; Wang et al, 2006; Lamghari et al, 2006; Tang et al, 2006; Choi et al, 2005; Takami et al, 2005; Cadosch et al, 2009; Yang et al, 2005; Kusumi et al, 2009)
• Reelin (RELN, RL, reeler, CR-50 antigen) (Paic et al, 2009)
•• Reelin (RELN, RL, reeler, CR-50 antigen) receptors (VLDLR, very low density lipoprotein receptor) (Niemeier et al, 2005)
•• relaxin-like factor (RLF, Leydig cell insulin-like factor, Ley-I-L, Insulin-like-3, INSL3) receptors (Pepe et al, 2009)
• ror2 (receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2, NTRKR2, neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor-related 2) (Billiard et al, 2005)
• R-spondin-2 (Roof plate-specific spondin-2, Rspo2, Cristin-2, cysteine-rich single thrombospondin domain-containing protein-2) (Paic et al, 2009)
• RXFP2 (relaxin family peptide receptor 2, LGR8, leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 8, GREAT, G-protein-coupled receptor affecting testicular descent, INSL3R, INSL3 receptor) (Ferlin et al, 2008, 2009)

• S100A6 (calcyclin) (Hwang et al, 2004
• Sca-1 (stem cell antigen-1, Ly6A/E, Ly6D, TAP, T-cell activating protein, Ly6.2, lymphocyte antigen 6.2) (Paic et al, 2009)
• SCF (stem cell factor, HLGF-1, hemolymphopoietic growth factor-1), KL, kit ligand, KITL, KITLG, Mast/stem cell growth factor, MGF, mast cell growth factor, SLF, steel factor) (Blair et al, 1999; Kahai et al, 2004; van't Hof et al, 1997)
• SCGF (stem cell growth factor, SCGF-alpha, SCGF-beta, LSLCL, lymphocytic secreted long form of C-type lectin, CLEC11A, C-type lectin domain family member 11A, CLECSF3, C-type lectin domain superfamily member 3) (Paic et al, 2009)
• Sclerostin (SOST, sclerosteosis) (Sutherland et al, 2004; Vincent et al, 2009)
• SCUBE3 (Signal peptide-CUB-EGF-like domain containing protein 3) (Wu et al, 2004)
• Semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A, SEMA1, Semaphorin 3, sema III, collapsin-1, coll-1, Hsema-I, Semaphorin D, Sem D, SEMAD) (Gomez et al, 2005; Togari et al, 2000)
• Semaphorin 3B (SEMA3B, Semaphorin 5, SEMA5, Semaphorin A, Sem A, semaV, SEMAA, LUCA-1) (Lallier et al, 2004; Sutton et al, 2008)
• Semaphorin 3C (SEMA3C, SEMAE, Sem E, Semaphorin E, collapsin-3, coll-3) (Hurson et al, 2003)
• Semaphorin 4C (SEMA4C, SEMAI, M-Sema F, Semacl1, Semaphorin F, Semaf) (Lallier et al, 2004)
• Semaphorin 5B (SEMA5B, Semaphorin G, Sem G, SEMAG) (Lallier et al, 2004)
• semaphorin 6B (SEMA6B, Semaphorin Z, SEMAZ) (Lallier et al, 2004)
• semaphorin 6C (SEMA6C, m-Sema Y, Semaphorin Y) (Lallier et al, 2004)
• Semaphorin 7A (SEMA7A, Semaphorin L, SEMAL, H-Sema-L, H-Sema K1, Semaphorin K1, CD108, CDw108, JMH human blood group antigen) (Delorme et al, 2005)
• sFRP1 (secreted frizzled-related protein 1, FrzA, frizzled A, SARP-2, secreted apoptosis-related protein-2, FRP, frizzled-related protein) (Bodine et al, 2005; Häusler et al, 2004; Hayashi et al, 2009)
• sFRP2 (secreted frizzled-related protein 2, FRP2, frizzled-related protein 2, SARP-1, secreted apoptosis-related protein-1, SDF-5, stromal cell derived factor-5) (Paic et al, 2009)
•• sFRP3 (secreted frizzled-related protein 3, frizzled-related protein 1, FrzB1, frizzled B1, FrzB, frizzled B, Fritz, Fiz) receptors (Chung et al, 2004)
• Slit-2 (Sun et al, 2009; Shibata et al, 2009)
•• Slit-2 receptors (Sun et al, 2009)
• Slit-3 (MEGF5, multiple epidermal growth factor-like domains 5) (Hurson et al, 2003)
• SLPI (secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, antileukoproteinase, ALP, BLPI, Bronchial leukocyte proteinase inhibitor, BMI bronchial mucus inhibitor, CUSI, cervical mucus inhibitor, HUSI-I, human seminal plasma inhibitor-I, MPI, Mucus proteinase inhibitor, seminal plasma inhibitor) (Kahai et al, 2004)
• SMOC-2 (secreted modular calcium-binding protein 2, SMAP-2, Smooth muscle-associated protein 2, SPARC related modular calcium binding 2) (Paic et al, 2009)
• SOCS3 (Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3, CIS3, Cytokine inducible SH2-containing protein-3, SSI3, STAT induced STAT inhibitor-3) (Shen et al, 2005)
• SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine, osteonectin, BM-40, 43K glycoprotein) (Papagerakis et al, 2002; Nakajima et al, 1996)
• sprouty-2 (Spry-2) Yang X et al, 2006
•• stanniocalcin 1 (STC1, STC, STC50, stanniocalcin, hypocalcin, teleocalcin) receptors (Yoshiko et al, 2003)
• stanniocalcin 2 (STC2, STCRP, stanniocalcin-related protein) (Ichikawa et al, 2007; Yoshiko et al, 2007; Paic et al, 2009)
• substance P (Neurokinin-1, NK1, Tac1, tachykinin 1) (Paic et al, 2009)
•• substance P (Neurokinin-1, NK1, Tac1, tachykinin-1) receptors (Togari et al, 1997)
• Syndecan-1 (CD138, syndecan, SDC1, Synd1, SD-1, 104-9 antigen, 1D4 antigen, B-B2 antigen, B-B4 antigen, Mi15) (Worapamorn et al, 2002; Molteni et al, 1999; Teplyuk et al, 2009)

• TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta, TGFB, B-TGF, Aqueous humor lymphocyte inhibitory activity, DIF, differentiation-inhibiting factor, EGI, epithelial cell-specific growth inhibitor; epithelial growth inhibitor, EIF, Epstein-Barr virus inducing factor, Epithelial cell growth inhibiting factor, G-TsF, glioma-derived T-cell suppressor factor, MDGF, milk-derived growth factor, MGF, milk growth factor, Polyergin, Simian BSC-1 cell growth inhibitor, SP factor, TCGF, transformed cell growth factor, TGI, tissue-derived growth inhibitor, TIF-1, tumor inducing factor-1) (Varghese et al, 2005; Zeng et al, 2003; Tenorio et al, 1993; Pagel et al, 2009)
•• TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta, TGFB, B-TGF, Aqueous humor lymphocyte inhibitory activity, DIF, differentiation-inhibiting factor, EGI, epithelial cell-specific growth inhibitor; epithelial growth inhibitor, EIF, Epstein-Barr virus inducing factor, Epithelial cell growth inhibiting factor, G-TsF, glioma-derived T-cell suppressor factor, MDGF, milk-derived growth factor, MGF, milk growth factor, Polyergin, Simian BSC-1 cell growth inhibitor, SP factor, TCGF, transformed cell growth factor, TGI, tissue-derived growth inhibitor, TIF-1, tumor inducing factor-1) receptors (Chang et al, 2002; Ghayor et al, 2005; Kahai et al, 2004; Tatsuyama et al, 2000; Conover et al, 2004; Oritz et al, 2003; Franchimont et al, 2000; Ji et al, 2001; Yang et al, 2000; Saadeh et al, 1999; Kuno et al, 2009)
• TGF-beta-1 (transforming growth factor-beta-1, CIF-A, cartilage inducing factor A, ISF, immunosuppressive factor, MGF-b, milk growth factor, PDGI, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth inhibitor) (Jaunberzins et al, 2001; Li et al, 2003; Tatsuyama et al, 2000; Trasatti et al, 2004; Walsh et al, 2000; Wu and Kumar, 2000; Fakhry et al, 2005)
•• TGF-beta-1 (transforming growth factor-beta-1, CIF-A, cartilage inducing factor A, ISF, immunosuppressive factor, MGF-b, milk growth factor, PDGI, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth inhibitor) receptors (Jaunberzins et al, 2001; Bosetti et al, 2007)
• TGF-beta-2 (transforming growth factor-beta-2, TGFB2, G-TsF, Glioblastoma-derived T-cell suppressor factor, CIF-B, cartilage inducing factor B, Corneal epithelial inhibitor of stromal cell collagenase synthesis, DSF, decidual suppressor factor, MGF-a, milk growth factor) (Tatsuyama et al, 2000; Walsh et al, 2000; Wu and Kumar, 2000; Erlebacher and Derynck, 1996)
•• TGF-beta-2 (transforming growth factor-beta-2, TGFB2, G-TsF, Glioblastoma-derived T-cell suppressor factor, CIF-B, cartilage inducing factor B, Corneal epithelial inhibitor of stromal cell collagenase synthesis, DSF, decidual suppressor factor, MGF-a, milk growth factor) receptors (Bosetti et al, 2007)
• TGF-beta-3 (transforming growth factor-beta-3, TGFB3) (Tatsuyama et al, 2000; Walsh et al, 2000; Paic et al, 2009)
•• Thrombin (coagulation factor-2, factor IIa) receptors (Song et al, 2005; Frost et al, 1999; Abraham et al, 2000; Kozawa et al, 1997; Bosetti et al, 2007; Pagel et al, 2009; Bluteau et al, 2006)
• Thrombospondin-1 (Thrombospondin, TSP1, TSP, THBS1) (Abbadia et al, 1993; Maillard et al, 1993; Leclerc et al, 2004)
• thrombospondin-2 (TSP2, THBS2) (Kahai et al, 2004; Paic et al, 2009)
• Thrombospondin-3 (Paic et al, 2009)
• TIEG-1 (TGF-beta-inducible early-response gene-1, KLF10, Krüppel-like factor 10, early growth response alpha, EGR-alpha) (Leclerc et al, 2004; Subramanian et al, 2005)
• TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1, TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, HCI, human collagenase inhibitor, CLGI, 3/10, 16C8, Fibroblast elongation factor, fibroblast collagenase inhibitor, B1 anticollagenase, Beta-1 anticollagenase, EPA, erythroid promoting activity, embryogenin-1, TPA-S1, TPA-induced protein S1) (Onodera et al, 2002; Varghese et al, 1999; Hatori et al, 2004; Li et al, 2004; Zhangand Zhong, 2002; Uchida et al, 2000; Varghese and Canalis, 2001; Meikle et al, 1994; Palosaari et al, 2003; Haeusler et al, 2005; Bord et al, 1999; Maruya et al, 2003; Xynos et al, 2001; Katono et al, 2009)
• TIMP-2 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2, TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 2, CSC-21K, MI, CHIAMP, Chondrocyte-derived inhibitor of angiogenesis and metalloproteinase activity) (Becker et al, 2002; Varghese et al, 1999; Hatori et al, 2004; Uchida et al, 2000; Varghese and Canalis, 2001; Meikle et al, 1994; Shen et al, 2005; Palosaari et al, 2003; Haeusler et al, 2005; Maruya et al, 2003; Xynos et al, 2001; Katono et al, 2009)
• TIMP-3 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3, TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3, mitogen-inducible gene 5, mig-5; SFD, Sorsby fundus dystrophy) (Hatori et al, 2004; Varghese et al, 1999; Uchida et al, 2000; Varghese and Canalis, 2001; Palosaari et al, 2003; Maruya et al, 2003; Katono et al, 2009)
• tissue plasminogen activator (Ohara et al, 2004; Catherwood et al, 1994; Katono et al, 2009)
• TIMP-4 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-4, TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 4) (Katono et al, 2009)
• Tissue factor (TF, TFA, thromboplastin, tissue thromboplastin, CD142, factor III, factor 3, F3, FIII, coagulation factor III) (Paic et al, 2009)
• TLR-4 (Toll-like receptor-4, human Toll, TOLL, Ly87, Rasl2-8, CD284) (Gasper et al, 2002; Yang et al, 2005)
• TLR-5 [Toll-like receptor-5, TIL-3, Toll-interleukin-1 receptor-like-3) (Madrazo et al, 2003)
• TLR-9 (Toll-like receptor-9, A6RP, A6-related protein, CD289) (Zou et al, 2003)
• TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNFSF2, TNF ligand superfamily member 2, Cachectin, CF, cytotoxic factor, CTX, cytotoxin, DIF, differentiation inducing factor, EP, endogenous pyrogens, Hemorrhagic factor, Macrophage-derived cytotoxic factor, J774-derived cytotoxic factor, MCF, macrophage cytotoxic factor, MCT, macrophage cytotoxin, MD-FGF, monocyte-derived fibroblast growth factor, PCF, peritoneal cytotoxic factor, RCF, Released cytotoxic factor) (Bu et al, 2003; Li et al, 2003; Walsh et al, 2000)
•• TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNFSF2, TNF ligand superfamily member 2, Cachectin, CF, cytotoxic factor, CTX, cytotoxin, DIF, differentiation inducing factor, EP, endogenous pyrogens, Hemorrhagic factor, Macrophage-derived cytotoxic factor, J774-derived cytotoxic factor, MCF, macrophage cytotoxic factor, MCT, macrophage cytotoxin, MD-FGF, monocyte-derived fibroblast growth factor, PCF, peritoneal cytotoxic factor, RCF, Released cytotoxic factor) receptors (Zini et al, 2003; Lavigne et al, 2004; Lisignoli et al, 2004; Conover et al, 2004; Bu et al, 2003; Ruddy et al, 2004; Yang et al, 2005; Vincent et al, 2009)
• TNFRSF25 (TNF receptor superfamily member 25, TNFRSF12, DR3, death receptor-3, TR3, TNF receptor-like-3, LARD, lymphocyte-associated receptor of death, APO-3, apoptosis antigen-3, TRAMP, TNF receptor apoptosis-mediating protein, wsl-1) (Bu et al, 2003)
• Tob (Kahai et al, 2004)
• Tomoregulin-1 (TR-1, M7365, X7365, H7365, TMEFF1, transmembrane protein with EGF-like and 2 follistatin-like domains 1) (Paic et al, 2009)
• TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand, APO-2 ligand, APO-2L, TL2, TNF-like-2, TNF ligand superfamily member 10, TNFSF10, Ly81, CD253) (Bu et al, 2003)
•• TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand, APO-2 ligand, APO-2L, TL2, TNF-like-2, TNF ligand superfamily member 10, TNFSF10, Ly81, CD253) receptor-1 (TRAIL receptor-1, TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R, TRAIL receptor, DR4, death receptor-4, APO-2) TNFRSF10A, TNF receptor superfamily member 10A, CD261) (Bu et al, 2003; Atkins et al, 2002)
•• TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand, APO-2 ligand, APO-2L, TL2, TNF-like-2, TNF ligand superfamily member 10, TNFSF10, Ly81, CD253) receptor-2 (TRAIL receptor-2, TRAIL-R2, death receptor-5, DR5, KILLER, TRICK2, TRAIL receptor inducer of cell killing-2, TNFRSF10B, TNF receptor superfamily member 10B, CD262, Ly98) (Bu et al, 2003; Atkins et al, 2002; Kikuchi et al, 2001)
•• TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand, APO-2 ligand, APO-2L, TL2, TNF-like-2, TNF ligand superfamily member 10, TNFSF10, Ly81, CD253) receptor-3 (TRAIL receptor-3, TRAIL-R3, TRID, TRAIL receptor without an intracellular domain, DcR-1, Decoy receptor-1, LIT, lymphocyte inhibitor of TRAIL, TNFRSF10C, TNF receptor superfamily member 10C, CD263) (Atkins et al, 2002)
•• TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand, APO-2 ligand, APO-2L, TL2, TNF-like-2, TNF ligand superfamily member 10, TNFSF10, Ly81, CD253) receptor-4 (TRAIL receptor-4, TRAIL-R4, DcR-2, Decoy receptor-2, TRUNDD, TRAIL receptor with a truncated death domain, TNFRSF10D, TNF receptor superfamily member 10D, CD264) (Atkins et al, 2002; Kikuchi et al, 2001)
• trk receptors (Pinski et al, 2002)
• TSC-22 (TGF-beta-stimulated clone-22, TSC22D1, TSC22 domain family member 1) (Kester et al, 2000)
• tsukushi (TSKU, TSK, E2IG4, E2-induced gene 4) (Ichikawa et al, 2006)
•• TWEAK (TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis, APO-3L, APO-3 ligand, DR3LG, DR3 ligand, TNF ligand superfamily member 12, TNFSF12) receptors (Vincent et al, 2009)

• VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-A, vascular endothelial growth factor A, VEGF-1, vascular endothelial growth factor-1, VEG/PF, vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor, GD-VEGF, glioma-derived vascular endothelial growth factor, VAS, Vasculotropin, Vascular endothelial cell proliferation factor, VPF, vascular permeability factor, FSdGF, Folliculo stellate cell-derived growth factor) (Doan et al, 1999; Stahl et al, 2004; Yasuda et al, 2005; Tokuda et al, 2003; Tombran-Tink and Barnstable, 2004; Wang et al, 2002, 2004; Maeda et al, 2003; Harada et al, 1995; Esbrit et al, 2000; Kozawa et al, 2001, 2002; Saadeh et al, 1999; Steinbrech et al, 1999; Haeusler et al, 2005; Hurson et al, 2007; Yamauchi et al, 2009; Thi et al, 2007; Bluteau et al, 2006)
•• VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-A, vascular endothelial growth factor A, VEGF-1, vascular endothelial growth factor-1, VEG/PF, vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor, GD-VEGF, glioma-derived vascular endothelial growth factor, VAS, Vasculotropin, Vascular endothelial cell proliferation factor, VPF, vascular permeability factor, FSdGF, Folliculo stellate cell-derived growth factor) receptors (Mayr-Wohlfart et al, 2002; Tombran-Tink and Barnstable, 2004; Midy and Plouet, 1994; Kuno et al, 2009)
• VEGF-B (vascular endothelial growth factor B, VEGF-B(167), VEGF-B(186), VRF, VEGF related factor, VRP, VEGF related protein) (Bluteau et al, 2006)
• VEGF-C (vascular endothelial growth factor C, VEGF-2, Vascular endothelial growth factor-2, flt-4 ligand, flt-4L) (Hurson et al, 2003)
• VEGFR1 (VEGF receptor-1, flt, fms-like tyrosine kinase, flt-1, fms-like tyrosine kinase-1; FRT, fms-related tyrosine kinase) (Bluteau et al, 2006)
•• VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) receptors (Lundberg et al, 2001; Togari et al, 1997; Persson et al, 2005)

• WFDC2 (WAP 4-disulfide core domain 2, HE4, human epididymis 4) (Paic et al, 2009)
• WISP-1 (Wnt-1 induced secreted protein-1, Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1, CCN4, Elm1, expressed in low-metastatic cells) (French et al, 2004; Parisi et al, 2006)
• WISP-2 (Wnt-1 induced secreted protein-2, Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein-2, CCN5, CTGF-L, connective tissue growth factor-like, COP-1) (Parisi et al, 2006)
•• Wnt-1 (int-1) receptors (Billiard et al, 2005)
•• Wnt-3 (int-4) receptors (Billiard et al, 2005)
•• Wnt-3a receptors (Ohnaka et al, 2005; Qiang et al, 2008; Chung et al, 2004)
• Wnt-5a (Hurson et al, 2003)
• Wnt-5b (Hurson et al, 2003)
• Wnt-7a (Velasquillo et al, 2007)
• Wnt-9a (Wnt-14) (Paic et al, 2009)
• Wnt-10a (Paic et al, 2009)

For related information see also: Cell types, Cell lines in Cytokine Research, Cell culture.

LAST MODIFIED: November 2009

See REFERENCES for entry osteoblasts

COPE Homepage

Top of Page

 

#

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

Space for your TEXTLINK ADVERTISEMENTS. Please Inquire

---

---

supports the COPE bioinformatics project with an unrestricted educational grant
Inquiries from other sides welcome

---

Created, developed, and maintained by Prof Dr H Ibelgaufts               About the author of COPE   |    Contact COPE   |    postcard and stampware

---

Access to COPE is free only for academic institutions and non-profit organizations. OTHER USERS: must contact COPE and pay a site licence fee. Non-payment of the site licence fee is a serious breach of COPE's binding Usage Agreement. If you do not wish to be bound by this agreement, do not use COPE

COPE is not in the public domain! The commercial use of COPE contents is not allowed. Download of complete offline-readable copies and the use of automatic extraction methods are prohibited! Usage Agreement, Disclaimer, Copyright Notice   |  All rights reserved by H Ibelgaufts   |  Privacy Statement U L T R A   P O S S E   N E M O   O B L I G A T U R

cope.cgi version 24.7.07, revision Jun 14, 2010. (c) JI. Powered by Perl 5.008008 [b=3]