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cholangiocytes

Cholangiocytes are epithelial cells that line the intrahepatic bile ducts. They are variously referred to as bile duct cells, bile duct epithelial cells, bile ductular cells, bile epithelial cells, biliary epithelial cells.

Cholangiocytes differentiate from undifferentiated hepatoblasts that also give rise to mature hepatocytes. The common precursor cell that expresses markers common to cholangiocytes and hepatoctes is being referred to also as LPC [liver progenitor oval cells] (Matthews and Yeoh, 2005).

The major function of cholangiocytes is the regulation of ductal bile secretion (Tietz and LaRusso, 2005) but their functions are not limited to bile production. The cells are actively involved in the absorption and secretion of water, organic anions, organic cations, lipids, and electrolytes. Cholangiocytes play an important role in regulating localized immune responses by interacting with immune cells through expression of adhesion molecules on the cell surface and by secreting cytokines, and other mediators, which affect their own functions and those of surrounding liver cells and invading inflammatory cells (Fava et al, 2005; Strazzabosco et al, 2005, Adams and Afford, 2002). Cholangiocytes respond to infection, for example, by recruiting and interacting with effector leukocytes to clear pathogens entering the liver via the gastrointestinal tract. Cholangiocytes are also the primary site of damage in several immunologically mediated liver diseases (Wu et al, 2004).

It should be noted that that large and small cholangiocytes, which reside primarily in large and small intrahepatic bile ducts, respectively, have different functions. Thus, they are heterogeneous with respect to morphology, secretion and expression patterns, responses to hormones, peptides, growth factors, cytokines, bile acids, proliferation in response to injury or toxins (See, for example: Ueono et al, 2003; Marzioni et al, 2002; Alpini et al, 1996).

Cholangiocytes have been shown to possess the capacity to express the proteins listed below. Please note the following general observation: expression may be influenced by tissue localization, may occur only in discrete subpopulations of cells, may vary between established cell lines, primary cells, embryonic cells, mature cells, fully differentiated cells, activated cells, non-activated cells or growth conditions (confluent vs. sparse cultures), may be influenced by various disease states (including cancer environment), and may differ between species.
Note also: expression profile information lists entities only for which there is an entry in COPE or one of its subdictionaries.

The meaning of • and •• is as follows: • factor/protein is expressed; •• receptor (or, in some instances, binding sites) for this factor/protein is expressed. For further explanations concerning format, "hidden" information, and/or ambiguities see my remarks in the entry cell types.

•• Activin A (EDF, erythroid differentiation factor, FRP, Follicle stimulating hormone releasing protein, Restrictin-P, WEHI-MIF, WEHI mesoderm inducing factor, INHA, inhibin-alpha, Inhibin-beta-A, INHBA) receptors (Yokomuro et al, 2000)
•• ANF (Atrial natriuretic factor, natriuretic peptide, atrionatriuretic factor, Alpha-ANP, Atrial natriuretic polypeptide, ANP, Atrial polypeptide, Atriopeptin, cardionatrin, cardionatrin I, NPPA) receptors (St Pierre et al, 1998)
• Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR, HSS, GFER, hepatic stimulator substance, hepatic regenerative stimulation substance, HPO, Hepatopoietin, erv1-like growth factor, HERV1) (Thasler et al, 2005)

•• Bombesin (BN, BSS, GRP, gastrin releasing peptide, gastrin releasing hormone, Mammalian Bombesin, BLP, Bombesin-like peptide) receptors (Cho and Boyer, 1999; Cho et al, 1997)

• CCL2 (CC chemokine ligand 2, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, GDCF, Glioma-derived monocyte chemotactic factor-2, GDCF-2, HC11, JE, LDCF, MCAF, MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein, MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, SMC-CF, smooth muscle cell chemotactic factor, TDCF, tumor-derived chemotactic factors, TSG-8, tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene sequence-8, SCYA2) (Ge et al, 2005; Marra et al, 1998; Morland et al, 1997; Tsuneyama et al, 2001)
• CCL3 (CC chemokine ligand 3, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3, MIP-1-alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein-1-alpha, 464.1, GOS-19-1, L2G25B, LD78, LD78-alpha, SCI, stem cell inhibition factor, stem cell inhibitor, TY5, SCYA3, SCYA3L1) (Ge et al, 2005; Murai et al, 1999)
• CD1d (Tsuneyama et al, 1998)
• CD10 (CALLA, common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen; common ALL antigen, endopeptidase 24.11, enkephalinase, gp100, J5, MME, membrane metalloendopeptidase, NEP, neutral endopeptidase, EC3.4.24.11, neprilysin, neutral endopeptidase, neutral endopeptidase 24.11) (Xiao et al, 2001)
• CD14 (endotoxin receptor, Leu M3, LPS-R, Mo2, MY4, myeloid cell-specific leucine-rich glycoprotein) (Harada et al, 2003)
• CD26 (1F7, 2B9, 5F8, ACT-3, ADABP, ADA binding protein, ADCP2, adenosine deaminase complexing protein 2, BT5/9, DPCR1, DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4, HAM.4, intestinal dipeptidyl peptidase, EC3.4.14.5, OX61, TA1, TA5/9, THAM, thymocyte-activating molecule, TP103, WC10 antigen, FAP-beta, Fibroblast activation protein-beta) (Hegen et al, 1990)
• CD29 (FNRB, fibronectin receptor beta subunit, ITGB1, integrin-beta-1, platelet protein GPIIa, VLA-beta, very late activation antigen-beta, VLA-beta-1, VLA-4 beta subunit) (Chedid et al, 1999)
• CD40 (Bp50, TNFRSF5, TNF receptor superfamily member 5) (Ahmed-Choudhury et al, 2003, 2006; Cosyns et al, 1998; Cruickshank et al, 1998, 1999)
• CD44 (CD44H, AnWj blood group antigen, ECMR-3, extracellular matrix receptor-3, HCAM, homing-associated cell adhesion molecule, Hermes-1, Hermes antigen, HUTCH-1, Indian blood group antigen, In blood group antigen, Ly24, MC56, MDU2, MDU3, MIC4, MUC 2-63, OX49, PGP1, PGP1.1, phagocytic glycoprotein-1) (Xu et al, 2002)
• CD54 (7F7, BB2, human rhinovirus receptor, ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, IFN-gamma regulated human melanoma-associated antigen, Ly47, MALA-2, Me14-D12, P3.58) (Ayres et al, 1993; Cruickshank et al, 1998; Dillon et al, 1997; Hreha et al, 1999; Kimura et al, 1996; Korlipara et al, 1996; Leon et al, 1996; Yokomori et al, 2005)
• CD56 (5.1.H11, BASCA, brain-associated small cell lung cancer antigen, Leu19, MSK39, NCAM, neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM1, neural cell adhesion molecule-1, NKH-1, PSA-NCAM, polysialylated NCAM, E-NCAM, embryonic NCAM, embryonic neural cell adhesion molecule) (Chedid et al, 1999; Fabris et al, 2000)
• CD58 (LFA-3, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3, T11TS, T11 target structure) (Cruickshank et al, 1998; Dienes et al, 1997; Leon et al, 1996)
• CD80 (B7, B7-1, BB1, B-lymphoblast antigen-1, Ly53) (Dienes et al, 1997; Hreha et al, 1999)
• CD86 (B70, B72, B7-2, BU-63, CD28 ligand-2, CD28LG2, CLS1, FUN-1, GR65, LAB7-2, Ly58, MB7) (Hreha et al, 1999; Tsuneyama et al, 1998)
• CD95 (FAS, APO-1, apoptosis antigen-1, APT1, TNFRSF6, TNF receptor superfamily member 6, FASTM, FASL receptor) (Cruickshank et al, 1998; Dienes et al, 1997)
• CD326 (17-1A antigen, AUAI antigen, CO17-1A, EGP, epithelial glycoprotein, EGP-2, epithelial glycoprotein-2, EGP40, epithelial glycoprotein 40, Ep-CAM, epithelial cellular adhesion molecule, GA733-2 antigen, gastrointestinal tumor-associated antigen 2, KS1/4 antigen, KSA, M4S1, membrane component chromosome 4 surface marker-1, MIC18, MK-1, TACSTD1, tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 1, TROP1) (Hreha et al, 1999)
• CTGF (Connective tissue growth factor, Hcs24, hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product 24, Fisp-12, fibroblast inducible secreted protein-12, IGFBP8, Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-8, IGFBPrP2, Insulin-like growth factor binding protein related protein-2, Ecogenin, endochondral ossification genetic factor, CCN2) (Rachfal and Brigstock, 2003; Sedlaczek et al, 2001)
• CX3CL1 (fractalkine, FKN, FK, CX3C membrane-anchored chemokine, C3Xkine, neurotactin, NTT, NTN, ABCD-3, SCYD1) (Isse et al, 2005)
• CXCL1 (CXC chemokine ligand 1, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, SCYB1, CINC-1, Cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1, fsp, fibroblast secretory protein, GRO1, GRO-alpha, KC, MGSA, melanoma growth stimulatory activity, MGSA-alpha, melanoma growth stimulatory activity-alpha, NAP-3, neutrophil-activating protein-3, N51) (Saito and Maher, 2000)
• CXCL5 (CXC chemokine ligand 5, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5, ENA-78, Epithelial neutrophil-activating protein 78, epithelial cell-derived neutrophil attractant-78, LIX, LPS induced CXC chemokine, AMCF-2, Alveolar macrophage chemotactic factor-2, SCYB5) (Ge et al, 2005)
• CXCL12 (CXC chemokine ligand 12, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12, IRH, intercrine reduced in hepatomas, hIRH, intercrine reduced in hepatomas, SDF-1-alpha, SDF-1-beta, SDF, SDF-1, Stromal cell-derived factor, Stromal cell-derived factor-1-alpha, Stromal cell-derived factor-1-beta, PBSF, pre-B-cell growth stimulating factor, TLSF, Thymic lymphoma cell stimulating factor, Thymic lymphoma cell stimulating factor-alpha, Thymic lymphoma cell stimulating factor-beta, TLSF-alpha, TLSF-beta, TPAR-1, TPA repressed gene-1, SCYB12) (Coulomb-L'Hermin et al, 1999; Terada et al, 2003; Wald et al, 2004)
• CXCL16 (CXC chemokine ligand 16, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16, SR-PSOX, scavenger receptor that binds phosphatidylserine and oxidized lipoprotein, SCYB16) (Heydtmann et al, 2005)

• defensin-beta-1 (beta-Defensin-1, HBD-1, DEFB1, DEFB101) (Harada et al, 2004)

• EGF (epidermal growth factor, EGF-URO, HMGF, human milk growth factor, PGF, prostatic growth factor, beta-Urogastrone, URO, URG, Urogastrone, tooth-lid factor) (Bissig et al, 2000; Matsumoto et al, 1994)
•• EGF (epidermal growth factor, EGF-URO, HMGF, human milk growth factor, PGF, prostatic growth factor, beta-Urogastrone, URO, URG, Urogastrone, tooth-lid factor) receptors (erb, erbB1, HER1) (de Groen et al, 1998; Matsumoto et al, 1994; Nauta et al, 1995; Werneburg et al, 2003)
• endothelin-1 (ET-1(1-21), ET-1) (Fouassier et al, 1998; Housset et al, 1993; Luo et al, 2005)
•• endothelin-1 (ET-1(1-21), ET-1) receptors (Caligiuri et al, 1998; Koda et al, 2000)

• FAS ligand (FASL, FASLG, APT1LG1, apoptosis antigen ligand 1, CD95 ligand, CD95L, APO-1 ligand, APTL, Apoptosis antigen ligand, TNF ligand superfamily member 6, TNFSF6, CD178) (Que et al, 1999)
• FGF-15 (fibroblast growth factor-15, FGF-19, fibroblast growth factor-2) (Sinha et al, 2008)
• flt-3 (fms-like tyrosine kinase-3, flk-2, Fetal liver kinase-2, STK-1, stem cell tyrosine kinase-1, Ly72, CD135) (Omori et al, 1997)
• flt-3 ligand (FL, flt-3L, STK-1 ligand, flk-2 ligand) (Omori et al, 1997)

•• gastrin (gastrin-17, Gastrin component 3, little Gastrin, Cholecystokinin B) receptors (Glaser et al, 1997, 2000, 2003)
• gp130 (IL6ST, IL6 signal transducer, CD130) (Yokomuro et al, 2000)
•• growth hormone (GH, Somatotropic hormone, Somatotropin, GH1, growth hormone 1, GHN, growth hormone normal) receptors (Alvaro et al, 2005; Simard et al, 1996)

• HGF (hepatocyte growth factor, HGF/SF, Hepatocyte growth factor-scatter factor, F-TCF, fibroblast tumor cytotoxic factor, HPTA, Hepatopoietin A, SF, scatter factor, TCF, tumor cytotoxic factor) (Cramer et al, 2004; Ishikawa et al, 2001; Liu et al, 1998; Matsumoto et al, 1994)
•• HGF (hepatocyte growth factor, HGF/SF, Hepatocyte growth factor-scatter factor, F-TCF, fibroblast tumor cytotoxic factor, HPTA, Hepatopoietin A, SF, scatter factor, TCF, tumor cytotoxic factor) receptors (met) (Cramer et al, 2004; de Groen et al, 1998; Joplin et al, 1992; Liu et al, 1998; Matsumoto et al, 1994; Terada et al, 1998; Yokomuro et al, 2000)

•• IFN-gamma (IFNG, interferon-gamma, Gamma-Interferon, gIFN) receptors (CD119, IFNGR1, AVP type 2, antiviral protein type 2, immune interferon receptor) (Ayres et al, 1993; Cruickshank et al, 1998; Hanada et al, 2003; Spirli et al, 2003)
• IGF-1 (Insulin-like growth factor-1, Erythropoietic factor, mechano growth factor, MGF, ILGF1, somatomedin C, NSILA, non-suppressible insulin-like activity, Somatomedin A, Somatomedin C, sulfation factor) (Alvaro et al, 2005)
•• IGF-1 (Insulin-like growth factor-1, Erythropoietic factor, mechano growth factor, MGF, ILGF1, somatomedin C, NSILA, non-suppressible insulin-like activity, Somatomedin A, Somatomedin C, sulfation factor) receptors (IGF1R, CD221) (Alvaro et al, 2005; de Groen et al, 1998; Matsumoto et al, 1994)
•• IL1 (interleukin-1) receptors (IL1R, IL1RA, IL1R1, IL1 receptor type 1, IL1RB, IL1R2, IL1 receptor type 2, CD121a, CD121b) (Ayres et al, 1993; Matsumoto et al, 1994; Morland et al, 1997; Spirli et al, 2001)
•• IL2 (Interleukin-2, BF, blastogenic factor, EDF, eosinophil differentiation factor, KHF, killer cell helper factor, LMF, lymphocyte mitogenic factor, LPF, lymphocyte proliferation factor, MAF-C I, macrophage-activating factor for cytotoxicity I, PFC-EA, plaque forming cell enhancing factor, SCIF, secondary cytotoxic T-cell inducing factor, TCGF, T-cell growth factor, TCPA, T colony-promoting activity, TDF, thymocyte differentiation factor, T-LPF, T-lymphocyte promotor factor, TMF, thymocyte mitogenic factor, T-cell maturation factor, T-cell mitogenic factor, TRF-3, T-cell replacing factor-3, TSF, thymocyte stimulating factor) receptors (CD25, TAC antigen, Ly43, OX39) (CD122, CD132) (de Groen et al, 1998; Whitington et al, 2005)
• IL4 (Interleukin-4, BCDF-epsilon, B-cell differentiation factor-epsilon, BCDF-gamma, B-cell differentiation factor-gamma, BCGF-gamma, B-cell growth factor-gamma, BCGF-1, B-cell growth factor-1, Binetrakin, BSF-1, B-cell stimulating factor-1, BSF-p1, B-cell stimulating factor p1, EL4-BCGF, EL4 B-cell growth factor, HCGF, Hodgkin's cell growth factor, IgE-EF, IgE enhancing factor, IgG1-enhancing factor, IgG1-induction factor, LMW-BCGF, low molecular weight B-cell growth factor, MaGEF, Mast cell growth enhancing factor, MCGF-2, mast cell growth factor-2, MFF, macrophage fusion factor, Pitrakinra, TCGF-2, T-cell growth factor-2) (Chedid et al, 1999)
•• IL4 (Interleukin-4, BCDF-epsilon, B-cell differentiation factor-epsilon, BCDF-gamma, B-cell differentiation factor-gamma, BCGF-gamma, B-cell growth factor-gamma, BCGF-1, B-cell growth factor-1, Binetrakin, BSF-1, B-cell stimulating factor-1, BSF-p1, B-cell stimulating factor p1, EL4-BCGF, EL4 B-cell growth factor, HCGF, Hodgkin's cell growth factor, IgE-EF, IgE enhancing factor, IgG1-enhancing factor, IgG1-induction factor, LMW-BCGF, low molecular weight B-cell growth factor, MaGEF, Mast cell growth enhancing factor, MCGF-2, mast cell growth factor-2, MFF, macrophage fusion factor, Pitrakinra, TCGF-2, T-cell growth factor-2) receptors (CD124) (Cruickshank et al, 1998; McGill et al, 2001)
• IL6 (interleukin-6, 26 kDa protein, BSF-2, B-cell stimulating factor-2, CDF, CAT development factor, choline acetyltransferase development factor, Cytolytic differentiation factor for T-lymphocytes, FDGI, fibroblast-derived growth inhibitor, HGF, hybridoma growth factor, HPGF, hybridoma/plasmacytoma growth factor, HSF, hepatocyte stimulating factor, HSF-1, hepatocyte stimulating factor-1, ILHP1, Interleukin-hemopoietin-1, MGI-2A, Macrophage-granulocyte inducer-2A, Myeloma GF, myeloma growth factor, NKAF, natural killer cell activating factor, TAF, T-cell activating factor, Thymocyte growth factor, TSF, thymocyte stimulating factor) (Ge et al, 2005); Liu et al, 1998); Matsumoto et al, 1994); Park et al, 1999); Xu et al, 2002); Yasoshima et al, 1998); Yokomuro et al, 2000)
•• IL6 (interleukin-6, 26 kDa protein, BSF-2, B-cell stimulating factor-2, CDF, CAT development factor, choline acetyltransferase development factor, Cytolytic differentiation factor for T-lymphocytes, FDGI, fibroblast-derived growth inhibitor, HGF, hybridoma growth factor, HPGF, hybridoma/plasmacytoma growth factor, HSF, hepatocyte stimulating factor, HSF-1, hepatocyte stimulating factor-1, ILHP1, Interleukin-hemopoietin-1, MGI-2A, Macrophage-granulocyte inducer-2A, Myeloma GF, myeloma growth factor, NKAF, natural killer cell activating factor, TAF, T-cell activating factor, Thymocyte growth factor, TSF, thymocyte stimulating factor) receptors (CD126) (Liu et al, 1998; Matsumoto et al, 1994; Park et al, 1999; Park et al, 1999; Spirli et al, 2001; Yokomuro et al, 2000; Yokomuro et al, 2000)
• IL8 (interleukin-8, SCYB8, 3-10C, 9E3, ANAP, anionic neutrophil-activating peptide, Chemotaxin, CEF-4, CT/IL8, CXCL8, CXC chemokine ligand 8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8, EDNAP, endothelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, EMF-1, embryo fibroblast protein 1, Emoctakin, ENAP, Endothelial cell neutrophil-activating peptide, FDNAP, Fibroblast-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, FINAP, fibroblast-derived neutrophil-activating protein, GCF, granulocyte chemotactic factor, GCP, granulocyte chemotactic peptide, LAI, leukocyte adhesion inhibitor, LCF, lymphocyte chemotactic factors, LDNAP, leukocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, LIF, leukocyte inhibitory factor, LUCT, lung carcinoma-derived chemotaxin, LYNAP, lymphocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, MDNAP, monocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, MDNCF, monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor, MOC, monocyte-derived chemotaxin, MONAP, monocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, NAF, neutrophil-activating factor, NAP-1, neutrophil-activating protein-1, NCF, neutrophil chemotactic factor, NCP, neutrophil chemotactic protein, PLF, psoriatic leukotactic factor, TCF, T-cell chemotactic factor, TSG-1, Tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene sequence-1) (Morland et al, 1997)
• IL9 (Interleukin-9, MCGF, mast cell growth factor, MEA, mast cell growth enhancing activity, Megakaryoblast growth factor, P40, TCGF-3, T-cell growth factor-3) (Ge et al, 2005)
• ITF (intestinal trefoil factor, trefoil factor-3, TFF-3, hP1.B) (Kimura et al, 2002; Nozaki et al, 2004)

•• Leptin (ob, ob/ob, obese protein, obesity factor) receptors (OBR, CD295, db, db/db, fatty, fa, fa/fa) (Fava et al, 2008)
• LIF (ABAE cell growth-inhibitory activity; CDF, cholinergic differentiation factor, CNDF, cholinergic neuronal differentiation factor, D-Factor, differentiation stimulating factor, DIA, differentiation inhibiting activity, DIF, differentiation inducing factor, DRF, Differentiation-retarding factor, ES cell growth factor, ESCGF, embryonic stem cell growth factor, GATS, growth stimulatory activity for TS1 cells, HILDA, human interleukin for Da cells, HSF-2, hepatocyte stimulating factor-2, HSF-3, hepatocyte stimulating factor-3, Lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, M1 differentiation inducing activity, MCGEF, mast cell growth-enhancing factor, MLPLI, melanoma-derived lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, OAF, osteoclast activating factor) (Znoyko et al, 2005)
•• LIF (ABAE cell growth-inhibitory activity; CDF, cholinergic differentiation factor, CNDF, cholinergic neuronal differentiation factor, D-Factor, differentiation stimulating factor, DIA, differentiation inhibiting activity, DIF, differentiation inducing factor, DRF, Differentiation-retarding factor, ES cell growth factor, ESCGF, embryonic stem cell growth factor, GATS, growth stimulatory activity for TS1 cells, HILDA, human interleukin for Da cells, HSF-2, hepatocyte stimulating factor-2, HSF-3, hepatocyte stimulating factor-3, Lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, M1 differentiation inducing activity, MCGEF, mast cell growth-enhancing factor, MLPLI, melanoma-derived lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, OAF, osteoclast activating factor) receptors (CD118) (Znoyko et al, 2005)

• MMP-7 (matrix metalloproteinase-7, matrilysin, Matrilysin-1, PUMP, punctuated metalloproteinase, pump-1, putative metalloproteinase-1, matrin, EC3.4.24.23) (Wilson et al, 1995)
• MMP-15 (matrix metalloproteinase-15, MT2-MMP, Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-2, MT-MMP-2) (Theret et al, 1998)

• neu (Sirica et al, 1997)
• NGF (nerve growth factor, 7S NGF, 7S nerve growth factor, NGF-alpha, Nerve growth factor-alpha, kallikrein Klk1b4, Klk1b4, NGF-beta, NGFB, Nerve growth factor-beta, NGFG, NGF-gamma, Nerve growth factor-gamma, kallikrein Klk1b3, Klk1b3) (Gigliozzi et al, 2004)
•• NGF (nerve growth factor, 7S NGF, 7S nerve growth factor, NGF-alpha, Nerve growth factor-alpha, kallikrein Klk1b4, Klk1b4, NGF-beta, NGFB, Nerve growth factor-beta, NGFG, NGF-gamma, Nerve growth factor-gamma, kallikrein Klk1b3, Klk1b3) receptors (trkA) (Gigliozzi et al, 2004)
• Notch-1 (Notch, TAN-1, translocation-associated notch homolog-1) (Flynn et al, 2004; Ishimura et al, 2006)
• Notch-2 (Flynn et al, 2004; Kodama et al, 2004)

• osteopontin (OPN, OP, Osp, 2ar, 44 kDa bone phosphoprotein, 66 kDa bone phosphoprotein, bone sialoprotein, bone sialoprotein-1, BSP, BSP1, BSPI, Calcium oxalate crystal growth inhibitor protein, Eta-1, early T-lymphocyte activation protein 1, Nephropontin, Spp-1, Secreted Phosphoprotein-1, transformation-related phosphoprotein, tumor-secreted phosphoprotein, urinary stone protein, Uropontin) (Whitington et al, 2005)

• PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, ADCYAP1, adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1, PACAP(1-27), PACAP27, PACAP(1-38), PACAP38) (Roskams et al, 1995)
• PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor, PDGF-1, PDGF-2, PDGF-A, PDGF-AA, PDGF-B, PDGF-BB, FDGF, fibroblast-derived growth factor, GDGF, glioma-derived growth factor-1, GDGF-2, glioma-derived growth factor-2, GSM, Glucocorticoid-suppressible mitogenic activity, MDF, mesangial cell proliferating factor, MDGF, monocyte-derived growth factor, OBIF, osteoblastogenesis inhibitory factor, ODGF, osteosarcoma-derived growth factor, T47D factor) (Grappone et al, 1999; Kinnman et al, 2000; Kim et al, 2009)
•• PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor, PDGF-1, PDGF-2, PDGF-A, PDGF-AA, PDGF-B, PDGF-BB, FDGF, fibroblast-derived growth factor, GDGF, glioma-derived growth factor-1, GDGF-2, glioma-derived growth factor-2, GSM, Glucocorticoid-suppressible mitogenic activity, MDF, mesangial cell proliferating factor, MDGF, monocyte-derived growth factor, OBIF, osteoblastogenesis inhibitory factor, ODGF, osteosarcoma-derived growth factor, T47D factor) receptors (Matsumoto et al, 1994)
•• prolactin (PRL, lactogenic hormone, lactotropin, lactotropic hormone, mammotropin, mammotropic hormone, luteotropic hormone, LTH, luteotropin) receptors (Zenkova et al, 2003)

• SCF (stem cell factor, HLGF-1, hemolymphopoietic growth factor-1), KL, kit ligand, KITL, KITLG, Mast/stem cell growth factor, MGF, mast cell growth factor, SLF, steel factor) (Omori et al, 1997; Tsuneyama et al, 1999)
•• SCF (stem cell factor, HLGF-1, hemolymphopoietic growth factor-1), KL, kit ligand, KITL, KITLG, Mast/stem cell growth factor, MGF, mast cell growth factor, SLF, steel factor) receptors (kit, CD117) (Omori et al, 1997; Satake et al, 2003)
•• somatostatin (SST, Somatotropin release inhibiting hormone, SIH, Somatotropin release inhibiting factor, SRIF, growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, GIH, growth hormone release inhibitory hormone, GH-RIH) receptors (Gong et al, 2003; Tietz et al, 1995)
• Syndecan-1 (CD138, syndecan, SDC1, Synd1, SD-1, 104-9 antigen, 1D4 antigen, B-B2 antigen, B-B4 antigen, Mi15) (Harada et al, 2003; Matsumoto et al, 1997)

•• TGF-alpha (transforming growth factor-alpha, TGFA, TGF-A, MDGF-2, milk-derived growth factor-2, TCGF, transformed cell growth factor, wa-1, waved-1) receptors (Werneburg et al, 2003)
• TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta, TGFB, B-TGF, Aqueous humor lymphocyte inhibitory activity, DIF, differentiation-inhibiting factor, EGI, epithelial cell-specific growth inhibitor; epithelial growth inhibitor, EIF, Epstein-Barr virus inducing factor, Epithelial cell growth inhibiting factor, G-TsF, glioma-derived T-cell suppressor factor, MDGF, milk-derived growth factor, MGF, milk growth factor, Polyergin, Simian BSC-1 cell growth inhibitor, SP factor, TCGF, transformed cell growth factor, TGI, tissue-derived growth inhibitor, TIF-1, tumor inducing factor-1) (Baer et al, 1998; Chedid et al, 1999; Lewindon et al, 2002; Lu et al, 2003; Luo et al, 2005; Milani et al, 1991; Narumoto et al, 2000; Ramm et al, 1998; Tao et al, 2002; Zen et al, 2005)
•• TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta, TGFB, B-TGF, Aqueous humor lymphocyte inhibitory activity, DIF, differentiation-inhibiting factor, EGI, epithelial cell-specific growth inhibitor; epithelial growth inhibitor, EIF, Epstein-Barr virus inducing factor, Epithelial cell growth inhibiting factor, G-TsF, glioma-derived T-cell suppressor factor, MDGF, milk-derived growth factor, MGF, milk growth factor, Polyergin, Simian BSC-1 cell growth inhibitor, SP factor, TCGF, transformed cell growth factor, TGI, tissue-derived growth inhibitor, TIF-1, tumor inducing factor-1) receptors (Cruickshank et al, 1998; de Groen et al, 1998; Lu et al, 2003; Yokomuro et al, 2000; Zen et al, 2005)
• TLR-2 (Toll-like receptor-2, TIL-4, Toll-interleukin-1 receptor-like-4, Ly105, lymphocyte antigen 105, CD282) (Ge et al, 2005; Harada et al, 2003)
• TLR-3 (Toll-like receptor-3, CD283) (Ge et al, 2005; Harada et al, 2003)
• TLR-4 (Toll-like receptor-4, human Toll, TOLL, Ly87, Rasl2-8, CD284) (Harada et al, 2003; Wang et al, 2005)
• TLR-5 [Toll-like receptor-5, TIL-3, Toll-interleukin-1 receptor-like-3) (Harada et al, 2003)
• TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNFSF2, TNF ligand superfamily member 2, Cachectin, CF, cytotoxic factor, CTX, cytotoxin, DIF, differentiation inducing factor, EP, endogenous pyrogens, Hemorrhagic factor, Macrophage-derived cytotoxic factor, J774-derived cytotoxic factor, MCF, macrophage cytotoxic factor, MCT, macrophage cytotoxin, MD-FGF, monocyte-derived fibroblast growth factor, PCF, peritoneal cytotoxic factor, RCF, Released cytotoxic factor) (Ayres et al, 1993; Chen et al, 1997; Martelius et al, 1999; Yasoshima et al, 1998)
•• TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNFSF2, TNF ligand superfamily member 2, Cachectin, CF, cytotoxic factor, CTX, cytotoxin, DIF, differentiation inducing factor, EP, endogenous pyrogens, Hemorrhagic factor, Macrophage-derived cytotoxic factor, J774-derived cytotoxic factor, MCF, macrophage cytotoxic factor, MCT, macrophage cytotoxin, MD-FGF, monocyte-derived fibroblast growth factor, PCF, peritoneal cytotoxic factor, RCF, Released cytotoxic factor) receptors (Alpini et al, 2003; Cruickshank et al, 1998; Hanada et al, 2003; Mano et al, 1996; Morland et al, 1997; Spirli et al, 2001, 2003; Volpes et al, 1992; Whitington et al, 2005)
• TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand, APO-2 ligand, APO-2L, TL2, TNF-like-2, TNF ligand superfamily member 10, TNFSF10, Ly81, CD253) (Ishimura et al, 2006)

• VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-A, vascular endothelial growth factor A, VEGF-1, vascular endothelial growth factor-1, VEG/PF, vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor, GD-VEGF, glioma-derived vascular endothelial growth factor, VAS, Vasculotropin, Vascular endothelial cell proliferation factor, VPF, vascular permeability factor, FSdGF, Folliculo stellate cell-derived growth factor) (Beaussier et al, 2005; Gaudio et al, 2006)
•• VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-A, vascular endothelial growth factor A, VEGF-1, vascular endothelial growth factor-1, VEG/PF, vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor, GD-VEGF, glioma-derived vascular endothelial growth factor, VAS, Vasculotropin, Vascular endothelial cell proliferation factor, VPF, vascular permeability factor, FSdGF, Folliculo stellate cell-derived growth factor) receptors (Gaudio et al, 2005, 2006)
•• VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) receptors (Chignard et al, 2005; Cho and Boyer, 1999)

For related information see also: Cell types, Cell lines in Cytokine Research, Cell culture.

LAST MODIFIED: September 2009

See REFERENCES for entry cholangiocytes

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